You Will Die: The Burden of Modern Taboos (51 page)

1.
        
Oxford American Dictionary
(1980), p. 265.

2.
        “2002 National Drug Control Strategy,” 9 July 2002, ret.
WhiteHouseDrugPolicy.gov
, 11 Jan. 2007.

3.
        Paul Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
(2001), p. 89.

4.
        Ibid.

5.
        The rule of utility is stricter with Illegal drugs because unlike legal drugs, such as medication, advertising cannot positively distort them.

6.
        The 1990s Seattle rocker Kurt Cobain
deliberately
set out to become a junkie and eventually committed suicide via shotgun in 1994. “Watch Out, Needle’s About” Q, Feb. 2001, p. 60.

7.
        Richard Davenport-Hines,
Pursuit of Oblivion
(2002), p. 12.

8.
        One reporter who frequently writes about research countering anti-drug propaganda is Maia Szalavitz at
Time.com
.

9.
        Antonio Escohotado,
Brief History of Drugs
(1999), p. 91.

10.
      Dealers frequently dilute cocaine with much cheaper caffeine to fool customers. Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
, p. 251.

11.
      Dominic Streatfeild,
Cocaine
(2001), pp. 60–61.

12.
      Estimated ninety milligrams per twelve ounces. David Barlow and Vincent Durand,
Abnormal Psychology
(2004), p. 392.

13.
      Coca-Cola is still flavored with coca leaves. In 1985 a formula without coca, New Coke, was tried, but it was a disaster.

14.
      James Gray,
Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed
(2001), p. 54.

15.
      In Pennsylvania, delivery of .04 ounces is a mandatory two-year prison sentence without parole. 18 Pa.C.S. §7508(a)(7).

16.
      Crack is a “creature of the law—an artifact of [cocaine’s] prohibition.” Mike Gray,
Drug Crazy
(1998), pp. 106–107.

17.
      Julie Deardorff, “Emerging Health Concern,”
Chicago Tribune
, 21 Nov. 2006; and Lamar Heystek, “Just Say No to No-Doze,”
CaliforniaAggie.com
, 4 Nov. 2003, ret. 21 Apr. 2007.

18.
      Joseph Brean, “Caffeine Linked to Psychiatric Disorders,”
National Post
, 2 Dec. 2006, ret.
Canada.com
, 21 Apr. 2007.

19.
      Craig Van Dyke and Robert Byck, “Cocaine,”
Scientific American
, Mar. 1982, p. 128.

20.
      Robert Sabbag,
Snowblind
(1990, orig. pub. 1976), p. 72.

21.
      From a survey of health professionals involved in addiction treatment. Daniel Perrine,
Chemistry of Mind-Altering Drugs
(1996), p. 7.

22.
      Paul Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
(2001), pp. 129–130.

23.
      Francis Moraes,
Heroin User’s Handbook
(2001), p. 75; and Richard Miller,
Case for Legalizing Drugs
(1991), p. 5.

24.
      Those marked with an
^a
from Joyce Lowinson,
Substance Abuse
, 2
^nd
Ed. (1992), p. 432; with a
^b
from Erowid. org, ret. 4 Apr. 2012.

25.
      Bennett Weinberg and Bonnie Bealer,
World of Caffeine
(2001), p. xiii.

26.
      “South Korean Dies after Game Session,”
BBC.co.uk
, 10 Aug. 2005; and Tony Dokoupil, “Is the Web Driving Us Mad?”
TheDailyBeast.com
, 9 July 2012.

27.
      Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
Flow
(1990), p. 73.

28.
      Mark Kram, “Playboy Interview,”
Playboy
, Nov. 1998, p. 66.

29.
      Most heavy long-term users do not experience any withdrawal symptoms. Paul Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
(2001), pp. 333–334.

30.
      Michael Roizen and Mehmet Oz,
You On a Diet
(2006), p. 161.

31.
      Ibid., p. 165.

32.
      Maia Szalavitz, “Can Food Really Be Addictive?”
Time.com
, 5 Apr. 2012.

33.
      “National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” Fig. 1.1A, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2010. “Lifetime usage” refers to those who had ever used the drug in their lives.

34.
      Jacob Sullum,
Saying Yes
(2003), p. 233.

35.
      For more about the brutal conditions and conditioning used in animal addiction studies see Craig Reinarman and Harry Levine,
Crack in America
(1997), pp. 147–149.

36.
      Letter notations indicate source. Those marked with an:

           
a
:
James Anthony, Lynn Warner, and Ronald Kessler, “Comparative Epidemiology of Dependence . . .,”
Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol
., 1994, 2(3), p. 251.

           
b
:
Fernando Wagner and James Anthony, “From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence,”
Neuropsychopharmacology
, 2002, 26(4), p. 479.

           
c
:
Monitoring the Future: A Continuing Study of American Youth (12th-Grade Survey), 2004–2008—Core Data.

37.
      Martin Booth,
Opium
(1996), quoted in Sullum,
Saying Yes
, p. 223.

38.
      Tom Morganthau, “Kids and Cocaine,”
Newsweek
, 17 Mar. 1986, p. 58.

39.
      Brian Scheid, “Symposium Shown Horrors of Meth Use,”
Intelligencer
, 1 Oct. 2005, ret.
phillyBurbs.com
, 2 Oct. 2005.

40.
      
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 4th Ed, (2000), (DSM-IV-TR).

41.
      Stanton Peele,
Seven Tools to Beat Addiction
(2004), p. 16.

42.
      Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter,
Drug War Heresies
(2001), pp. 226, 236–237; and Glenn Greenwald, “Drug Decriminalization in Portugal,” Cato Institute, 2009.

43.
      Edward Epstein,
Agency of Fear
(1990), pp. 185–187.

44.
      Catalina Lopez-Quintero, et al., “Probability and Predictors of Transition from First Use to Dependence . . . .”
Drug. Alcohol Depend
., 1 May 2011, p. 126.

45.
      Jon Grant, et al., “Introduction to Behavioral Addictions,”
Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse
, 36, 2010.

46.
      Ronald Kessler, et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders . . .,”
Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
, 62, 2005.

47.
      Lopez-Quintero, “Probability and Predictors of Transition from First Use to Dependence . . .,” p. 126.

48.
      Stanton Peele,
Diseasing of America
(1995), p. 160.

49.
      Lopez-Quintero, “Probability and Predictors of Transition from First Use to Dependence . . .,” p. 126.

50.
      Lee Robins, “Vietnam Veterans’ Rapid Recovery from Heroin Addiction,”
Addiction
, 1993, 88, pp. 1044–1045.

51.
      Gene Heyman,
Addiction: A Disorder of Choice
(2009), p. 92.

52.
      Grant, “Introduction to Behavioral Addictions.”

53.
      Lopez-Quintero, “Probability and Predictors of Transition from First Use to Dependence . . .,” p. 126.

54.
      D.R. Roalf, et al., “Risk, Reward, and Economic Decision Making in Aging,”
J. Gerontol
., 6 Sep. 2011.

55.
      Stanton Peele,
Seven Tools to Beat Addiction
(2004), p. 13.

56.
      “National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” Fig. 5.3B, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2010.

57.
      These have occurred in a marathon and a water binging contest. Gina Kolata, “Study Cautions Runners,”
New York Times
, 14 Apr. 2005; and “Ten Fired after Radio Contest Death,” Reuters, 17 Jan. 2007.

58.
      Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter,
Drug War Heresies
(2001), p. 125.

59.
      Paul Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
(2001), pp. 335–336, 308, 313–316, 275–276.

60.
      Brenda Ingersoll, “Dealer of Killer Drug Gets 10 Years,”
Wisconsin State Journal
, 14 July 2006.

61.
      MacCoun,
Drug War Heresies
, p. 125.

62.
      In a three-year heroin maintenance program with over one thousand patients no one died. Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
, pp. 382.

63.
      K.A. Sporer and A.H. Kral, “Prescription Naloxone,”
Ann. Emerg. Med
., 12 July 2006.

64.
      The popular image of a person found dead with the needle still in their arm, like Lenny Bruce, is misleading. Sudden deaths are frequently attributable to adulterants or mixing drugs: for example,
heroin and alcohol are a deadly combination
. Francis Moraes,
Heroin User’s Handbook
(2001), pp. 90–93.

65.
      John Sullivan, “City Stand on Heroin Antidote Risks Lives,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, 20 Aug. 2006.

66.
      Ibid.

67.
      An autopsy study found a total of thirty-three deaths of acute cocaine intoxication in Virginia in 1988. Most were from using cocaine intravenously along with other toxic substances. R. McKelway, V. Vieweg, and P. Westerman, “Sudden Death from Acute Cocaine Intoxication,”
Am. J. Psychiatry
, 1990, 147, pp. 1667–1669.

68.
      The safety ratio is the amount that can kill divided by a common dosage. Robert Gable, “Comparison of Acute Lethal Toxicity of Commonly Abused Psychoactive Substances,”
Addiction
, June 2004, 99(6), p. 689.

69.
      Linda Wong and Bruce Alexander, “‘Cocaine-Related’ Deaths,”
J. Drug Issues
, Winter 1991.

70.
      Martin Tramer, et al., “Quantitative Estimation of Rare Adverse Events . . .,”
Pain
, 2000, 85, pp. 169–182.

71.
      The federal system from which these statistics are usually derived openly admits this: “It is important also to remember that not every reported substance is, by itself, necessarily a cause of the death or even a contributor to the death.” “Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003: Area Profiles of Drug-Related Mortality,” Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2005, p. 33.

72.
      John Morgan and Lynn Zimmer,
Crack in America
(1997), p. 140.

73.
      Sofia Santana, “Cocaine: Deadlier Than Ever,”
PalmBeachPost.com
, 21 May 2006, ret. 11 Sep. 2008.

74.
      “Deaths Related to Cocaine,”
Annual Report 2005: The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe
, ret.
Europa.eu
, 11 Sep. 2008.

75.
      Chelsea Carter, “Cocaine Killed Ike Turner, Coroner Says,” AP, 16 Jan. 2008.

76.
      
These numbers should be interpreted loosely
. The variety of sources was not an attempt to massage the results. The sources and time periods used were the ones available.

77.
      Letter notations indicate source. Those marked with an:

           
a
:
Ali Mokdad, et al., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,”
JAMA
, 10 Mar. 2004, p. 1240.

           
b
:
Donna Hoyert, et al., “Deaths: Final Data for 2003,”
National Vital Statistics Reports
, 19 April 2006, p. 33.

           
c
:
“Odds of Death Due to Injury, United States, 2003,” National Safety Council, ret.
NSC.org
, 3 July 2006.

           
d
:
John Stossel,
Give Me A Break
(2004), p. 77.

78.
      Bill Masters, ed.,
New Prohibition
(2004), p. 135.

79.
      Paul Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
(2001), p. 382.

80.
      Ibid.

81.
      Although it occurs, poison-laced drugs are extremely rare. Drug dealers have a large incentive not to kill their customers. As with fast-food restaurants and other purveyors of unhealthy items a slow death is less of a concern, hence the use of adulterants.

82.
      After an injection of heroin cut with coffee, coffee can be tasted. Francis Moraes,
Heroin User’s Handbook
(2001), p. 64.

83.
      Robert MacCoun and Peter Reuter,
Drug War Heresies
(2001), p. 126.

84.
      Gahlinger,
Illegal Drugs
, p. 59.

85.
      Ibid., p. 173.

86.
      Richard Miller,
Drug Warriors and Their Prey
(1996), p. 5.