Young Stalin (73 page)

8.
You cowards and French Revolution book: GF IML 8.2.1.11.125–7, Dmitri Gurgenidze. Stalin’s nationalist views, Batumi, Gori and the
Credo:
RGASPI 157.1.54, M. Tskhakaya. Service,
Stalin
, p. 55. S. Kavtaradze unpublished mss—thanks to his daughter Maya Kavtaradze and Zakro Megrilishvili. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. Beaten up and apartments: Ostrovsky, pp. 214–17. Bibineishvili, pp. 79–83. Georgian political nation and Tskhakaya stories by Stalin: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Marx son of an ass: Sagirashvili, p. 181. For Toroshelidze: Minadora Toroshelidze mss—thanks to Susanna Toroshelidze and Nestan Charkviani. For Shevardian story, see handwritten memoir by Sergei Danielovich Shevardian (Chaverdian): thanks to Claire Mouradian for recording and sharing this source with me.

9.
GF IML 8.2.1.34, Mikheil Monoselidze. Davrichewy, pp. 118.19, 124–25. Catherine Merridale, “The Making of a Moderate Bolshevik.” GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo. GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death. GF IML 8.2.1.34.332–4.

13 · BOLSHEVIK TEMPTRESS

1.
Yenukidze,
Nashi podpolnye tipografii na Kavkaze
, p. 24.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 24–27, 36–40, 47–48, 65. Kun, pp. 192–98. Richardson,
Long Shadow
, p. 117. Beria, p. 150. Pavel Alliluyev on Stalin and Kurnatovsky; and Nadya on mother: Vasileva,
Kremlin Wives
, pp. 55 and 74. Svetlana Alliluyeva,
Dalyokaya muzika
, pp. 251–52, and
Dvadt-saty pisem
, pp. 39–47. Thanks to Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi for this family story in the footnote.

2.
GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo. GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239–55, Dzhavaira Khutulashvili
née
Ter-Petrossian, Kamo’s sister. I. M. Dubinsky-Mukhadze,
Ordzhonikidze
, pp. 19–21, and
Kamo
, p. 19. Theatrical stunt: Susanna Toroshelidze’s interview on her mother, Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze. Newspaper with Makharadze: Jones, p. 109. Marie Arensberg: Essad Bey, p. 94.

3.
GF IML 8.2.1.26.22–6 (1934) and 8.2.1.26.36–9 (1937), Natalia Kirtava-Sikharulidze memoirs. GF IML 8.2.1.43, N. Kirtava-Sikharulidze. GF IML 8.2.1.31, V. Lomdzharia-Javakikidze: soldier’s uniform. GF IML 8.2.1.34, I. Mshvidabadze: railway uniform—also RGASPI 558.4.655. GF IML 2913.2.4, F. Makharadze—suspicions of Stalin as police agent.

4.
Stalin’s nationalist views, Batumi, Gori, the
Credo:
RGASPI 157.1.54, M. Tskhakaya. Service,
Stalin
, p. 55. S. Kavtaradze unpublished mss. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. Ostrovsky, pp. 214–17. Bibineishvili, pp. 79–83. Kirtava turns down Stalin: GF IML 8.2.1.26.22–6 (1934) and 8.2.1.26.36–9 (1937), Natalia Kirtava-Sikharulidze. GF IML 8.2.1.43, N. Kirtava-Sikharulidze. Beaten up: Ostrovsky, pp. 214–17. Kun, p. 66.

5.
GF IML 8.2.1.25, V. Ketskhoveli. Davrichewy, p. 35—papers in name of Petrov/ Pavlov. Ostrovsky, pp. 216–17.

6.
Imeret-Mingrel Committee: RGASPI 157.1.54, M. Tskhakaya. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. Bibineishvili, pp. 80–82. Arrests, escapes and house moves: GF IML 8.2.1.5, G. F. Berdzenovshvili. Union Committee: RGASPI 558.4.658, Ts. Zelikson. Fishing: GF IML 8.2.1.34, I. Mshvidabadze: railway uniform—also RGASPI 558.4.655. Makharadze,
Ocherki
, p. 76. Tucker, p. 98. Baku: RGASPI 558.4.93. Kun, p. 92. Leader: GF IML 8.5.320. Kutaisi description and quote by P. Makharadze: Jones, pp. 88–89; Guria and Kutaisi landscape: “mountains, swampy valleys”—this is a direct quote from Jones, p. 133. Ten trips, etc.: Ostrovsky, pp. 576–77. Escapes, Budu and Stalin stories: interview with Izolda Mdivani (widow of Budu’s son Vahtang) and Mdivani family in Tbilisi, Georgia,2006.

7.
Stalin’s behaviour in Kutaisi. “Poliziya i soratniki ob I. V. Staline—A tsel ta chtoby pokazatsya narodu velikim chelovekom,”
Otechestvenyye Arkhiv
, no. 4, 1995, pp. 77–80. The archivist whom Beria asked to find the letter was X. Serova, sister of one of his secret policemen, I. A. Serov. Stalin to Davitishvili in Leipzig and Lenin’s reaction: Stalin,
Works
, 1:55–58. Influence of Jordania: Jones, p. 127. New Year’s Eve, 1904, disturbing banquet: GF IML 8.2.1.11, Alexei Zakhomildin.

8.
Baku, Jan. 1905: RGASPI 71.10.189. The Revolution, bloody Sunday: Orlando Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
(henceforth Figes), pp. 173–86. Stalin,
Works
1:75. Makharadze and Stalin editors: Jones, p. 109.

9.
Stalin,
Works
, 1:75.

14 · 1905: KING OF THE MOUNTAIN

1.
Baku: RGASPI 558.4.583, Mamed Mamediarov, Muktar Gadzhiev. Essad Bey, p. 69. Baku: Tolf,
The Russian Rockefellers
, pp. 151–58. Jorg Baberowski,
Der Feind ist überall
, pp. 77–79.

2.
Stalin,
Works
, 1:82–84 and 85–89. Thousands of dead: Armen Ohanian quoted in Tom Reiss,
The Orientalist
, p. 14.

3.
S. Talakvadze,
Kistorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii
, 1:118.

4.
Chavichvili,
Patrie, prisons, exil
, p. 70. Stalin,
Works
, 1:422–23. Guria: Jones, p. 149—Victor Taratuta quote on separate republic. Committee as Tsar: Bibineishvili, p. 119. Debate with Isidore Ramishvili, Comrade Koba in Tskhratskaro, escape, cleanshaven, meeting in Gotsadze’s father’s house: GF IML 8.2.1.11.30–3, Davit Got-sadze. It is possible that this was one occasion when he was hidden in the nearby mansion of Chiatura manganese tycoon Prince Jibo Abashidze, ancestor of President Mikhail Saakashvili: see Sandra Roelofs Saakashvili,
Story of an Idealist
, pp. 37–38.

5.
Circumcised Yids: Arsenidze, p. 221.

6.
Chiatura: Jones, p. 91. Chavichvili,
Patrie, prisons, exil
, pp. 70, 72–87, 112–17. Also
Cahiers d’Histoire Sociale
, no. 26, Automne/hiver,2005, pp. 133–44. Guria: Jones, p. 149. Bibineishvili, p. 119.

7.
Printing-press: RGASPI 558.4.651, M. Beliashvili. Chavichvili,
Patrie, prisons, exil
, pp. 70–87, 112–17.

8.
Menshevik armed detachments: Noe Ramishvili in Jones, p. 180. Stalin,
Works
, 1: 133–39 “Armed Insurrection and Our Tactics,”
Proletariat Struggle
, 15 July 1905. Chiatura armed: GF IML 8.2.1.25.261–87, Vano Kiasashvili. Kote Tsintsadze, “Chemi Mogonebani,”
Revolyutsiis Matiane
, no. 2, pp. 117–22;no. 3, pp. 68–79.G. Parkadze,
Boevye Bolshevistkie druziny v Chiaturakh v 1905
, in
Rasskazy o Velikom, Staline
(Tbilisi, 1941), pp. 46–50; RGASPI 558.4.665. Sergo Kavtaradze,
Kak tov Stalin gromil Menshikov
, pp. 56–59 in
Rasskazy o Velikom Staline
(Tbilisi, 1941). Bibineishvili, pp. 88–90, 119. Stalin in the West, as speaker, tactician, style: Chavichvili,
Patrie, prisons, exil
, pp. 70–87, 112–17.

9.
Chiatura tycoons: RGASPI 558.4.665, B. Kekelidze. GF IML 8.2.1.93–4, V. Bakradze. Saakashvili,
Story of an Idealist
, pp. 37–45. Bibineishvili, pp. 88–90, 119. Chavichvili,
Patrie, prisons, exil
, pp. 70–87, 112–17. Status symbol: Krasin in Williams, p. 59. Protection-rackets and Stalin defends tycoons: GF IML 8.2.1.7 G and GF IML 8.2.1.4.1.

10.
Perepiska V. I. Lenina i rukovodimykh im uchrezhdenii RSDRP s mestnymipartiinymi organizatsiami 1905–7
, vol. 2, part 1, p. 294.

11.
Arsenidze in Smith, pp. 139–41. Comrade Koba in Tskhratskaro, debate, escape, clean-shaven, meeting in Gotsadze’s father’s house: GF IML 8.2.1.11.30–3, Davit Gotsadze. Roelofs Saakashvili,
Story of an Idealist
, pp. 37–38. Simon Vereshchak,
Dni
, 24 Jan. 1928.

12.
Viceroy: the description of the viceroy’s character and arrival are direct quotes from Jones, pp. 172–75; and prostitutes and palm readings, p. 186.

13.
Speech at Khoni: Nutsubidze: Montefiore, p. 286. Stalin,
Works
, 1:90–132 “Briefly about Disagreements in the Party.” Murders in Georgia: Jones, pp. 184–87. Stalin opens the era of bank robberies: Davrichewy, p. 175, and competitiveness, p. 181. Bibineishvili, p. 85. Bomb-making Bolsheviks: Vano Jejilava, “My Memoirs,”
Revolyutsiis Matiane
(henceforth
RM
), no. 3, 1923, p. 135. Stalin orders bomb attacks on Cossacks: Davrichewy, p. 219. Terror: Daly,
Watchful State
, pp. 16–20. 3, 600 wounded: Geifman,
Thou Shalt Kill
, p. 21. Svanidze cousin Dvali blows himself up: GF IML 8.2.1.34.327–37, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze.

14.
Unpublished memoirs of Kasiane Gachechiladze: thanks to his grandson Shalva Gachechiladze.

15.
Jones, pp. 188–89. Stalin’s Cossack attacks: Davrichewy, p. 200. Stalin,
Works
, 1:133–39 “Armed Insurrection and Our Tactics.” Baberowski,
Der Feind
, p. 79.

15 · 1905: FIGHTERS, URCHINS AND DRESSMAKERS

1.
Kamo kills, Stalin offers: Davrichewy, pp. 188–90.

2.
Svanidzes: GF IML 8.2.1.34.327–37, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Ravishing girl: Davrichewy, p. 228;pistol, p. 160. Koba at hospital: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.45–6, G. Elisabedashvili. Author’s interview with Kato’s cousin Katevan Gelovani, Tbilisi,2005: Stalin hidden in Kutaisi by Svanidze parents and police chief Dvali. Author interview with Mariam Svanidze (aged 109) in Tbilisi,2005.

3.
Iremashvili, pp. 32–35. Skirtless woman: Jones, p. 189. Stalin,
Works
, 1:178–86. Jones, pp. 188–89. Stalin’s Cossack attacks: Davrichewy, p. 200. Stalin,
Works
, 1:133–39. Baberowski,
Der Feind
, p. 79. Trotsky,
Stalin
, pp. 67 and 79.

4.
Alliluyev Memoirs
, pp. 101–2.

5.
Stalin,
Works
, 1:191, “To All Workers,” 19 Oct. 1905.

6.
Talakvadze,
Kistorii Kommunisticheksoi partii Gruzii
, 1:143.

7.
Service,
Stalin
, p. 59. Kavtaradze Memoirs. Story of lamp-throwing: memoirs of Maya Kavtaradze.

8.
Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished memoirs. Davrichewy, pp. 174–76 and 181.

9.
Massacres in Tiflis and armed SDs: Jones, pp. 189–94. Davrichewy, pp. 194–95. Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 67.

10.
Jones, pp. 189–95. Davrichewy, pp. 194–96. Seething cauldron: Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 79.

16 · 1905: THE MOUNTAIN EAGLE STALIN MEETS LENIN

1.
Tammerfors: best account of the Finnish angle is Antii Kujala et al.,
Lenin Ja Suomi
. Portrait of Lenin is based on: Figes, pp. 141–51, 385–98; Service,
Lenin
, pp. 255–73; Service,
Stalin
, pp. 129 and 179; Tucker, p. 103. Stalin on Lenin: Stalin,
Works
, 6: 53–55. Davrichewy on Lenin and on Stalin as only fighter, shooting, pp. 160, 212–13. Krupskaya, pp. 128–29. Trotsky,
Stalin
, p. 69. Timing of Stalin’s travels: Ostrovsky, pp. 242–43. Smith, p. 150. E. Yaroslavsky, “Tri vstrechi,”
Pravda
, 23 Dec. 1939.