Antony and Cleopatra (52 page)

⁶
For Marius' career see A. Goldsworthy,
In the Name of Rome
(2003), pp.113–136, and for more detail R. Evans,
Gaius Marius
(1994); for Sulla see A. Keaveney,
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982).

⁷
Appian,
BC
1. 72, Plutarch,
Marius
44, Valerius Maximus 8. 9. 2.

⁸
Valerius Maximus 9. 2. 2 (Loeb translation by D. Shackleton Bailey); heads displayed on the Rostra by Marius see Livy,
Pers.
80.

⁹
It has sometimes been suggested that Antony was born in 86
BC,
but the evidence is not convincing; 83
BC
is now universally accepted.

¹⁰
Plutarch,
Sulla
31; on the proscriptions see Keaveney (1982), pp.148–168, Appian,
BC
1. 95, and Velleius Paterculus 2. 31. 3–4.

¹¹
Plutarch,
Sulla
38.

¹²
Plutarch,
Antony
1, with C. Pelling (ed.),
Plutarch: Life of Antony
(1988), pp.117–120, Sallust,
Histories
3. 3.

¹³
P. Asconius 259, cf. Plutarch,
Lucullus
5–6.

¹⁴
Velleius Paterculus 2. 31. 4.

¹⁵
On the shortages of supply for Pompey in war with Sertorius see Plutarch,
Sertorius
21; on the pirate wars see Cicero,
2 Verrines
2. 2. 8, 3. 213–216, Livy,
Pers.
97, Sallust,
Histories
3. 4–7, most readily accessible in
Sallust: The Histories: Volume 2
(translation by P. Mc Gushin) (1994), pp.64–70 and 122–125.

¹⁶
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 44.

V T
HE
O
BOE
P
LAYER

¹
P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), pp.480–496, G. Shipley,
The Greek World after Alexander 323–30
BC
(2000), pp.346–350, F. Walbank,
The Hellenistic World
(1992), pp.189–190, and M. Chauveau,
Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra
(trans. D. Lorton) (2000), pp.176–177.

²
In general see G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.204–214, and D. Thompson in
CAH
²
IX (1994), pp.310–317; for the inscription see Hölbl (2001), p. 204, fn. 121.

³
Hölbl (2001), pp.210–211,
CAH
²
IX (1994), pp.316–317.

⁴
For thorough discussion see C. Bennett, ‘Cleopatra Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies',
Ancient Society
28 (1997), pp.39–66, esp. 43–45.

⁵
A Ptolemy referred to as boy
(puer)
by Cicero,
De reg. Alex. F9,
see discussion in Bennett (1997), pp.47 and 48–51, who argues that this does not refer to Ptolemy XII.

⁶
Sulla sent his quaestor, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, see Plutarch,
Lucullus
2. 2–3. 3.

⁷
A visit of a senator in 112
BC
is described in some detail in
Tebtunis Papyrus
1. 33, see Hölbl (2001), p. 207.

⁸
Cicero,
Agr
. 1. 1, 2. 41–42,
CAH
²
IX (1994), p. 316; Ptolemy Euergetes II had already willed Cyrene to Rome in 155
BC,
although this is not mentioned by any literary source and is known to us through an inscription,
SEG
9. 7.

⁹
Cicero,
Verrines
2. 4. 61–68.

¹⁰
Hölbl, (2001), pp.223–225,
CAH
²
IX (1994), pp.318–319.

¹¹
The ‘young butcher', Valerius Maximus 6. 2. 8; for Pompey's early career in general see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp.20–39.

¹²
See Plutarch,
Crassus
2–3, and A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), pp.46–57.

¹³
For the campaign against the pirates see Appian,
Mithridatic Wars
91–93, Plutarch,
Pompey
26–28, and A. Goldsworthy,
In the Name of Rome
(2003), pp.164–169.

¹⁴
Goldsworthy (2003), pp.169–179.

¹⁵
For gifts to Pompey see Josephus,
AJ
14. 35, Appian,
Mithridates
114 and Pliny,
NH
33. 136; on the attempt to annex Egypt see Plutarch,
Crassus
13, Suetonius,
Caesar
11 and Dio 37. 9. 3–4; Ward(1977), pp.128–135, M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(1968), pp.39–41.

¹⁶
Cicero,
Agr
. 2. 43, Hölbl (2001), pp.224–225, and for more detail on the Rullan land bill see Gelzer (1968), pp.42–45, D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), pp.84–91, T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic and the founder of the Empire,
Vol. 1 (1928), pp.242–249, and Ward (1977), pp.152–162.

¹⁷
Seager (2002), pp.75–85.

¹⁸
On the triumvirate and consulship see A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), pp.158–181.

¹⁹
Suetonius,
Caesar
54. 3, with M. Siani-Davies, ‘Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans',
Historia
46 (1997), pp.306–340, esp. 315–316.

²⁰
A. Sherwin-White,
Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168
BC
to
AD
1
(1984), pp.268–270, who is sceptical as to whether Cyprus yielded much money in the short term to Rome.

²¹
On attitudes to Romans and the cat incident see Diodorus Siculus 1. 83. 1–9, 1. 44. 1; in general see Siani-Davies (1997), pp.317–322, and Hölbl (2001), pp.225–227.

²²
CAH
²
IX (1994), pp.319–320.

²³
Bennett (1997), pp.63–64.

²⁴
Bennett (1997), pp.57–65; for alternative views see
CAH
²
IX (1994), p. 319, accepting Cleopatra VI as a sister, and Hölbl (2001), p. 227, and Green (1990), pp.650, 901, n. 21 where the co-ruler is her mother; cf. Hölbl (2001), p. 223, asserting that Cleopatra's mother was an Egyptian concubine, M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.3–4, accepting that her mother was Cleopatra V Tryphaena, and J. Bingen,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007), pp.52–53, arguing that Cleopatra's mother was a concubine, but not Egyptian.

²⁵
Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. 11 (Loeb translation).

²⁶
For Cleopatra's possible visit to Italy see G. Goudchaux, ‘Cleopatra's Subtle Religious Strategy', in S. Walker & P. Higgs (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp.128–141, esp. 131–132, backed by Grant (1972), pp.15–16.

VI
A
DOLESCENT

¹
Plutarch,
Antony
2, 20.

²
See S. Dixon,
The Roman Mother
(1988),
passim,
but esp. pp.13–70; on Cornelia see Plutarch,
Tiberius Gracchus
1. Some have suggested that it was Ptolemy VI, rather than Physcon, who proposed to her.

³
Tacitus
Dialogues
28. 6 (Loeb translation by Sir W. Peterson, revised M. Winterbottom (1970), p. 307).

⁴
Cicero,
Orator
120; on breastfeeding see K. Bradley, ‘Wet-nursing at Rome: A Study in Social Relations', in B. Rawson,
The Family in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp.201–229;on childhood in general see B. Rawson,
Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
(2003), esp. pp.99–113, and on the mother's role and that of nurses see Dixon (1988), pp.104–167; on education see H. Marrou,
A History of Education in Antiquity
(1956), pp.229–291, A. Gwynn,
Roman Education
(1926), esp. pp.1–32; Cicero,
de Re Publica
4. 3.

⁵
For an introduction to the client system see R. Saller,
Personal Patronage in the Early Empire
(1982); for boys accompanying fathers as they went about their business see Gellius,
NA
1. 23. 4, Pliny,
Epistulae
8. 14. 4–5, and on importance of father's influence from age of seven see Quintilian 2. 2. 4, and comments in Marrou (1956), pp.231–233.

⁶
Rawson (2003), pp.153–157.

⁷
Cicero,
Brutus
138–145, 296,
Orator
18, 132; Antonius' refusal to write down his speeches, Cicero,
pro Cluentio
140.

⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
2, 4.

⁹
On the expulsions from the Senate in 70
BC
see T. Broughton,
The Magistrates of the Roman Republic,
Vol. 2 (1952), pp.126–127.

¹⁰
For the importance of the Liberalia festival see Ovid,
Fasti
3. 771–788; on the sacrifice to Iuventus see Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4. 15. 5; on the ceremonies associated with adopting the
toga virilis
in general see Rawson (2003), pp.142–144.

¹¹
Cicero,
pro Caelio
28–30. Even if Cicero exaggerates, he clearly expected his audience to have some sympathy with this view.

¹²
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
12. 1–2 (Loeb translation).

¹³
Cicero,
In Catilinam
2. 22 (Loeb translation by C. Mac Donald (1977), p. 91); Hercules, see Plutarch,
Antony
4. On the Julii's descent from Venus see Velleius Paterculus 2. 41. 1, and Suetonius,
Caesar
6. 1; for Caesar's style see Suetonius,
Caesar
45. 3.

¹⁴
Plutarch,
Antony
2.

¹⁵
Plutarch,
Pompey
2.

¹⁶
P. Grimal,
Love in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp.112–115 and 226–237, and S. Treggiari,
Roman Marriage
(1991), esp. pp.105–106, 232–238, 253–261, 264, 270–275 and 299–319.

¹⁷
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
25.

¹⁸
Suetonius,
Caesar
47, 50. 1–52.

¹⁹
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 44.

²⁰
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 45 –46, Plutarch,
Antony
2.

²¹
See Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
23. 5–24. 1. For Cicero's career and election to the consulship see E. Rawson,
Cicero
(1975), T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Ascending Years
(1979), esp. pp.93ff., and D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), esp. pp.71–81; for attitudes to Antonius, see Plutarch,
Cicero
11.

²²
For Catiline see Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
15. 1–5, with E. Salmon, ‘Catiline, Crassus, and Caesar',
American Journal of Philology
56 (1935), pp.302–316, esp. 302–306; E. Hardy,
The Catilinarian Conspiracy in its Context: A Re-study of the Evidence
(1924), pp.12–20;T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
Vol. 1 (1928), pp.234–235.

²³
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
14. 1–7, 16. 1–4.

²⁴
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
59. 3.

²⁵
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
31. 4–48. 2, Rice Holmes (1928), pp.259–272, Stockton (1971), pp.84–109.

²⁶
Plutarch,
Antony
2; on the provinces see Cicero,
In Pisonem
5, cf.
Pro Sestio.8.

²⁷
Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
59. 4; see also E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp.287–289.

²⁸
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 3–4.

²⁹
Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 19.

³⁰
On Clodius see Plutarch,
Antony
2, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 48, with W. Jeffrey Tatum,
The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
(1999), esp. pp.70 and 235–236, A. Lintott, ‘P. Clodius Pulcher — Felix Catilina',
Greece and Rome
14 (1967), pp.157–169, W Rundell, ‘Cicero and Clodius: The Question of Credibility',
Historia
28 (1979), pp.301–328, and E. Gruen, ‘P. Clodius: Instrument or Independent Agent?',
Phoenix
20 (1966), pp.120–130.

VII T
HE
R
ETURN OF THE
K
ING

¹
Dio 39. 12. 1–3, Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. 11, with P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), pp.649–650, and M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.16–19.

²
Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
6, 35–36; Sallust,
Bell. Jug.
35. 10 for quote; for Cicero's comment about Cato see Cicero,
ad Att.
2. 1.

³
Dio 39. 13. 1–14. 4, Cicero,
pro Caelio
23–24, with E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp.305–309.

⁴
R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp.111–112, Plutarch,
Pompey
49, Cicero,
ad Fam.
1. 1–8.