Antony and Cleopatra (54 page)

²⁰
Caesar,
BC
1. 8, Appian,
BC
2. 33.

²¹
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 22, cf. Plutarch,
Antony
6, with C. Pelling (ed.),
Plutarch: Life of Antony
(1988), pp.130–131.

²²
Caesar,
BC
1. 11; for a more detailed account of the Italian campaign see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.385–391.

²³
Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 7C.

²⁴
Caesar,
BC
1. 8.

²⁵
Quote from Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 10. 2.

²⁶
Caesar,
BC
1. 32–33, Dio 41. 15. 1–16. 4 for the meeting of the Senate; Caesar,
BC
1. 32–33, Dio 41. 17. 1–3, Appian,
BC
2. 41, Plutarch,
Caesar
35, Pliny,
NH
33. 56 and Orosius 6. 15. 5 for the confrontation with the tribune; for a more detailed account see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.391–397.

²⁷
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 4.

²⁸
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 8A,
Philippics
2. 56–58, and Broughton
MRR
2, p. 260 for full references.

XI Q
UEEN

¹
M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), p. 54, and G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.231–232.

²
J. Bingen,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007), pp.66–68, and J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), pp.39–46.

³
See W. Tarn, ‘The Bucheum Stelae: A Note',
JRS
26 (1936), pp.187–189 for the quotation, and the beliefthat Cleopatra was present; Tyldesley (2009), p. 41–42, expresses a measure of doubt over Cleopatra's actual participation, while Grant (1972), pp.46–47, and J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), pp.88–91, accept her actual involvement in the ceremonies.

⁴
See G. Goudchaux, ‘Cleopatra's Subtle Religious Strategy,' in S. Walker & P. Higgs,
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp.132–133.

⁵
‘She was indeed queen of Egypt' quote from D. Thompson in
CAH
²
IX, p. 321, who also accepts Cleopatra's presence at the enthronement of the Buchis bull.

⁶
Cicero,
pro Rabirio Postumo
8. 20.

⁷
Suetonius,
Julius Caesar
20. 2; for discussion of this see A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), pp.164–175.

⁸
Valerius Maximus 4. 1. 15 (Loeb translation by D. Shackleton Bailey), and cf. Caesar,
BC
3. 110. Central control of the Roman army in this period was often weak. When Cicero took over in Cilicia he discovered that three cohorts out of his two legions were missing, and it was some time before they were located and brought back under control, see Cicero,
ad Fam.
3. 6. 5.

⁹
Translation from
Select Papyri: Volume II Official documents
(Loeb translation by A. Hunt & C. Edgar, 1974), pp.57–58.

¹⁰
Bingen (2007), pp.69–70, Grant (1972), pp.49–51, Hölbl (2001), p. 231, and D. Thompson, ‘Cleopatra VII: The Queen in Egypt', in S. Walker & S. Ashton (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp.31–34, esp. 32.

¹¹
Caesar,
BC
3. 4–5; the Egyptian ships seem to have remained under Cnaeus Pompey's command, Caesar,
BC
3. 40.

¹²
Plutarch,
Antony
25, and Lucan,
Pharsalia
5. 58–64, with Grant (1972), pp.51–52, and Hölbl (2001), p. 232.

¹³
Malalas 9. 279, Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. 11, Appian,
BC
2. 84.

¹⁴
See Walker & Higgs (2001), p. 234.

¹⁵
Caesar,
BC
3. 110.

¹⁶
Caesar,
BC
3. 103–104, Plutarch,
Pompey
77, Appian,
BC
84.

XII C
IVIL
W
AR

¹
Plutarch,
Pompey
63–4.

²
For the campaign in Sicily and Africa, Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
53. 1–3, Caesar,
BC
2. 23–44.

³
For Caesar's followers a ‘rabble'see Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 18; for Cicero's accusation that Antony did nothing to aid Caius Antonius' recall from exile see Cicero,
Philippics
2. 56.

⁴
On the allegiance of consulars see R. Syme,
The Roman Revolution
(1960), pp.61–62; Suetonius,
Caesar
72, on rewarding even bandits if they were faithful to him.

⁵
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 58.

⁶
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 10; see also Plutarch,
Antony
6.

⁷
Plutarch,
Antony
6, 9.

⁸
Plutarch,
Antony
9; in general see Cicero,
ad Fam.
9. 26,
ad Att.
10. 10, Serv. on E10
De vir. Ill.
82. 2. Cicero's distastė only became public in the
Philippics
2. 58, 69, 77;in general see P. Grimal,
Love in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp.222–237.

⁹
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 13, Plutarch,
Antony
9, and Pliny,
NH
8. 55.

¹⁰
For Cicero's attitude in these months see D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), pp.251–265, and T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.232–261.

¹¹
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 10 on writing frequently to Antony; the quote is from
ad Att.
10. 8a.

¹²
Cicero,
ad Att.
10. 10.

¹³
On the mutiny see Appian,
BC
2. 47, Dio 41. 26. 1–35. 5, and Suetonius,
Caesar
69.

¹⁴
See Cicero,
ad Att.
9. 9. 3; for Servilius see
CAH
²
IX, p. 431, Dio 41. 36. 1–38. 3, Caesar,
BC
3. 1–2, Plutarch,
Caesar
37, Appian,
BC
2. 48, with M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(trans. P. Needham) (1968), pp.220–223.

¹⁵
Caesar,
BC
3. 2–8, Dio 41. 39. 1–40. 2, 44. 1–4, Appian,
BC
2. 49–54, Plutarch,
Caesar
37.

¹⁶
Caesar,
BC
3. 8, 14–18.

¹⁷
Appian,
BC
2. 50–59, Plutarch,
Caesar
65,
Antony
7, Dio 41. 46. 1–4; Caesar,
BC
3. 25 admits to a belief that his subordinates were slow and had not taken advantage of every opportunity.

¹⁸
Caesar,
BC
3. 24.

¹⁹
Caesar,
BC
3. 39–44, Dio 41. 47. 1–50. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 58–60; for ‘veterans of exceptional courage' see Caesar,
BG
8. 8.

²⁰
Caesar,
BC
3. 45–46.

²¹
Caesar,
BC
3. 45–53, Plutarch,
Caesar
39, Appian,
BC
2. 60–61, Suetonius,
Caesar
68. 3–4.

²²
Caesar,
BC
3. 61–70, Plutarch,
Caesar
39, Appian,
BC
2. 62.

²³
Caesar,
BC
3. 71–75, Appian,
BC
2. 63–64, Dio 41. 51. 1.

²⁴
Caesar
BC
3. 77–81, Plutarch,
Caesar
41, Appian,
BC
2. 63, Dio 41. 51. 4–5.

²⁵
Caesar,
BC
3. 72, 82–83, Cicero,
ad Fam.
7. 3. 2; Plutarch,
Cato the Younger
55,
Pompey
40–41, Appian,
BC
2. 65–67, Dio 41. 52. 1; in general for Pompey's strategy and attitude see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp.157–163 and 166–167.

²⁶
Caesar,
BC
3. 86–99, Appian,
BC
2. 78–82, Plutarch,
Caesar
42–47, and also Dio 41. 58. 1–63. 6; on Antony's role see Plutarch,
Antony
8, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 71.

²⁷
Caesar,
BC
3. 94, 102–103, Plutarch,
Pompey
76.

XIII C
AESAR

¹
Caesar,
BC
3. 103–104, Plutarch,
Pompey
77–80, Appian,
BC
2. 84–86, Dio 42. 3. 1– 4. 5, and R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), p. 168.

²
Plutarch,
Pompey
80,
Caesar
48, Dio 42. 8. 1–3; for a much more cynical view see Lucan,
Pharsalia
9. 1010–1108.

³
Caesar,
BC
3. 106,
Alexandrian War
69, Dio 42. 7. 1–8. 3; Caesar's cavalry bodyguard,
BC
1. 41.

⁴
Caesar,
BC
3. 110, with M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), pp.61–63, P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), pp.664–665, and G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), p. 233.

⁵
Quote from Caesar,
BC
3. 107; for the money see Plutarch,
Caesar
48.

⁶
Plutarch,
Caesar
48, Dio 42. 34. 1–2.

⁷
Plutarch,
Caesar
48, Dio 42. 34. 3.

⁸
Plutarch,
Caesar
49, Dio 42. 34. 4–35. 1, and on the claim that Cleopatra bribed Ptolemy's guards see Lucan,
Pharsalia
10. 5–8; for some of the modern discussions see Grant (1972), pp.63–64, J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), pp.53–58, E. Rice,
Cleopatra
(1999), pp.33–35, J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), pp.100–112, and E. Gruen, ‘Cleopatra in Rome: Facts and Fantasies', in D. Braund & C. Gill (eds.),
Myths, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T. P. Wiseman
(2003), pp.257–274, esp. 264–266.

⁹
Quotes from Dio 52. 34. 3 & 5 (Loeb translation by E. Cary).

¹⁰
On Caesar's womanising see A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), pp.84–89.

¹¹
For Caesar's receding hairline see Suetonius,
Caesar
45. 2.

¹²
Caesar,
BC
3. 108, Plutarch,
Caesar
49, Dio 42. 35. 1–6.

¹³
For the mistreatment of the city of Salamis on Cyprus by Roman businessmen representing Brutus, see T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.223–224, with references to the relevant letters of Cicero.

¹⁴
Caesar,
BC
3. 109, Dio 42. 37. 1–3.

¹⁵
Caesar,
BC
3. 111–112,
Alexandrian War
1–3, Dio 42. 12. 1–4, 38. 1–4.

¹⁶
Plutarch,
Caesar
49, Dio 42. 39. 2, Appian,
BC
2. 90.

¹⁷
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
4, Dio 42. 39. 1.

¹⁸
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
13.

¹⁹
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
5–22, Plutarch,
Caesar
49, Dio 42. 40. 1–6, Suetonius,
Caesar
64, Appian,
BC
2. 90.

²⁰
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
24.

²¹
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
26–32, Dio 42. 41. 1–43. 4, Josephus,
AJ
14. 8. 12,
BJ
1. 187–192.

²²
Caesar,
Alexandrian War
33, Dio 42. 35. 4–6, 44. 1–45. 1, Suetonius,
Caesar
52. 1, Appian,
BC
90; for the bemused attitude of scholars to this cruise see Grant (1972), pp.79–82, Tyldesley (2009), pp.98–100, Fletcher (2008), pp.125–153, M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(trans. P. Needham) (1968), pp.255–259, and also C. Meier,
Caesar
(1995), pp.408–410 and 412.

XIV M
ASTER OF
H
ORSE

¹
Dio 42. 17. 1–20. 5.

²
Dio 42. 21. 1–2 with Broughton,
MRR
2, p. 272; Cicero,
Philippics
2. 25 claims that Caesar did not know of Antony's appointment, but this seems unlikely.

³
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 61–63, Plutarch,
Antony
9; for
On his Drinking
see Pliny,
NH
14. 148.

⁴
Dio 42. 27. 3–28. 4.

⁵
See D. Stockton,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971), pp.263–268, and T. Mitchell,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991), pp.262–266 with references.

⁶
Dio 42. 27. 3.

⁷
Caesar,
BC
3. 20–22, Dio 42. 22. 1–25. 3; Caelius' last letter to Cicero is Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 17.