Austerity Britain, 1945–51 (104 page)

10
. James Lansdale Hodson,
Thunder in the Heavens
(1950), p 159;
The New Yorker
, 12 Feb 1949;
Weston Mercury
, 28 May 1949;
Picture Post
, 4/25 Jun 1949;
The Private
Diaries of Sydney Moseley
(1960), p 472.

11
. Gordon Johnston, ‘Writing and Publishing the Cold War’,
Twentieth Century British
History
, 12/4 (2002), p 451;
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George
Orwell, Volume IV
(1968), p 564; Robert Hewison,
In Anger
(1988), p 28; Osbert Lancaster,
Signs of the Times
(1961), p 49; Arthur Hearnden,
Red Robert
(1984), p 253; Hodgson, 10 Jul 1949;
Sunday Pictorial
, 10 Jul 1949. On the politics of the 1949 dock strike, see also Phillip Deery, ‘“The Secret Battalion”’,
Contemporary
British History
(Winter 1999), pp 3–6.

12
. Steve Parsons, ‘British “McCarthyism” and the Intellectuals’, in Fyrth,
Labour’s
Promised Land?
, pp 230–34, 238; Hewison,
In Anger
, pp 28–30; Anthony Howard,
Crossman
(1990), pp 150–51.

13
. Mervyn Jones,
Chances
(1987), pp 116–18;
The Times for Lochgelly, Bowhill,
Dundonald, Glencraig and Lochore
, 12 May 1949;
Daily Herald
, 14 May 1949; A. J. Davies,
To Build a New Jerusalem
(1992), pp 180–82; Willie Thompson, ‘British Communists in the Cold War, 1947–52’,
Contemporary British History
(Autumn 2001), p 121; J. D. Bernal, ‘The Biological Controversy in the Soviet Union and Its Implications’,
Modern Quarterly
(Summer 1949), pp 203–17;
Times Literary Supplement
, 20 Aug 1999 (Christopher Hitchens); William Gallacher,
The Case for
Communism
(1949), front cover, pp 134–5. In general on Communist Party culture in the 1940s and 1950s, see the wonderfully vivid essays in Raphael Samuel,
The
Lost World of British Communism
(2006).

14
. Doris Lessing,
Walking in the Shade
(1997), pp 3–5; Radio 4,
Fifty Years On
, 7 Aug 2002; Doris Lessing,
In Pursuit of the English
(Sphere edn, 1968), pp 37–9, 112; Carole Klein,
Doris Lessing
, pp 126–7; Hewison,
In Anger
, p 33.

15
. Lessing,
Walking
, pp 12–13; H. D. Willcock,
Report on Juvenile Delinquency
(1949), p 48; Clive Harris, ‘Post-war Migration and the Industrial Reserve Army’, in Winston James and Clive Harris (eds),
Inside Babylon
(1993), pp 27–8; D. W. Dean, ‘Coping with Colonial Immigration, the Cold War and Colonial Policy’,
Immigrants
& Minorities
(Nov 1987), p 326; Harold Nicolson,
The Later Years,
1945
–
1962
:
Diaries and Letters, Volume III
(1968), p 169.

16
. Michael Banton,
White and Coloured
(1959), p 157; Julia Drake, ‘From “Colour Blind” to “Colour Bar”’, in Lawrence Black et al,
Consensus or Coercion?
(Chel-tenham, 2001), p 86;
Picture Post
, 2/16 Jul 1949;
Birmingham Gazette
, 10/11 Aug 1949.

17
.
The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton,
1918
–
40
,
1945
–
60 (1986), p 450;
The New
Yorker
, 10 Sept 1949.

18
. Philip Ziegler,
Wilson
(1993), pp 73–6; Alec Cairncross,
Living with the Century
(Fife, 1998), p 136; ‘Witness Seminar: 1949 Devaluation’,
Contemporary Record
(Winter 1991), p 495; Milton Gilbert,
Quest for World Monetary Order
(New York, 1980), p 53.

19
.
Listener
, 22 Sept 1949;
Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge
(1981), p 351; Hodgson, 18 Sept 1949; Preston, 18 Sept 1949; Langford, 18 Sept 1949;
The
New Yorker
, 1 Oct 1949;
Daily Telegraph
, 1 Mar 2003 (Robert Philip);
Speedway
World
, 24 Aug 1949;
Daily Mirror
, 23 Sept 1949.

4 A Decent Way of Life

1. M-O A, D 5353, 14 Oct 1949;
Nottingham Journal
, 17 Oct 1949; Alan Sillitoe,
The
Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner
(Pan edn, 1961), pp 111, 114; Graham McCann,
Frankie Howerd
(2004), p 93.

2.
Raynham, 22 Oct 1949;
Listener
, 27 Oct 1949; Haines, 24 Oct 1949; Robert J. Wybrow,
Britain Speaks Out,
1937
–
87 (Basingstoke, 1989), p 28; Heap, 25 Oct 1949;
Picture Post
, 22 Oct 1949, 12 Nov 1949; Barbara Pym Papers (Bodleian Library, Oxford), 40, fol 23; St John, 22 Nov 1949; Olga Cannon and J.R.L. Anderson,
The Road from Wigan Pier
(1973), p 106.

3.
Channel 4,
Children of the Iron Lung
, 21 Sept 2000; Geoffrey Rivett,
From Cradle
to Grave
(1997), p 58;
Independent
, 28 Mar 2000 (Dury obituary); Julian Critchley,
A Bag of Boiled Sweets
(1994), p 38; Haines, 22/23 Nov 1949; Barbara Stoney,
Enid
Blyton
(1974), p 159; Denis Gifford,
The Golden Age of Radio
(1985), p 156; BBC WA, R9/74/1, Mar 1950.

4.
Listener
, 15 Dec 1949;
Sunday Mercury
, 11/18 Dec 1949;
Birmingham News
, 17 Dec 1949; Asa Briggs,
Sound and Vision
(Oxford, 1995), p 221; BBC WA, R9/74/1, R9/4, 20 Feb 1950; Haines, 9 Jan 1950.

5.
Speed, 1 Jan 1950; Dartington Hall Trust Archive, LKE/G/35, 4 Jan 1950; Douglas Jay,
Change and Fortune
(1980), pp 192–3.

6.
David Hughes, ‘The Spivs’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds),
Age of
Austerity
(Oxford, 1986), p 74;
The Times
, 19/27 Jan 1950; D. J. Taylor,
Orwell
(2003), pp 7–9; Ludovic Kennedy,
Ten Rillington Place
(Panther edn, 1971), pp 227–8.

7.
Andy Medhurst, ‘Myths of Consensus and Fables of Escape’, in Jim Fyrth (ed),
Labour’s Promised Land?
(1995), p 300; Charles Barr,
Ealing Studios
(1977), pp 90–91; Charles Barr, ‘The National Health’, in Ian MacKillop and Neil Sinyard (eds),
British Cinema of the
1950
s
(Manchester, 2003), p 68;
Woman’s Own
, 16 Mar 1950; Langford, 27 Jan 1950; Golden, 2 Jun 1950; Heap, 25 Feb 1950; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter,
Weeping in the Cinema in
1950 (Brighton, 1995), pp 10–11; McCann,
Frankie Howerd
, p 96.

8.
Ted Willis,
Evening All
(1991), pp 70–72; John Barron Mays, ‘A Study of the Police Division’,
British Journal of Deliquency
(Jan 1953), pp 187, 189; Barbara Weinberger,
The Best Police in the World
(Aldershot, 1995), pp 41–4, 72–3.

9.
Geoffrey Gorer,
Exploring English Character
(1955), pp 213–21.

10
. Heap, 22 Mar 1950; Hodgson, 2 Apr 1950; BBC WA, R9/13/27; Susan Sydney-Smith,
Beyond Dixon of Dock Green
(2002), p 98; T. Ferguson and J. Cunnison,
In Their Early Twenties
(1956), p 73; John Barron Mays,
Growing Up in the City
(Liverpool, 1954), pp 21–2, 32, 190.

11
. Abigail Wills, ‘Delinquency, Masculinity and Citizenship in England 1950–1970’,
Past and Present
(May 2005), pp 157–60; H. D. Willcock,
Report on Juvenile
Deliquency
(1949), pp 92–7.

12
. Langford, 1 Jun 1949; Willcock,
Report
, pp 21, 37; R.F.L. Logan and E. M. Goldberg, ‘Rising Eighteen in a London Suburb’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Dec 1953), pp 323–45.

13
. Joanna Bourke,
Working-Class Cultures in Britain,
1890
–
1960 (1994), p 182; Tom Hickman,
The Call-Up
(2004), pp 10–11; Kathleen Tynan,
The Life of Kenneth
Tynan
(1987), p 77; Tony Richardson,
Long Distance Runner
(1993), pp 38–9; Stephen Martin, ‘Your Country Needs You’,
Oral History
(Autumn 1997), pp 70–72.

14
. Mary Abbott,
Family Affairs
(2003), p 107; Dannie Abse,
A Poet in the Family
(1974), pp 146–7; Adrian Walker,
Six Campaigns
(1993), p 4; William Osgerby, ‘“One for the Money, Two for the Show”’ (PhD, University of Sussex, 1992), pp 177, 90.

15
. Trevor Royle,
The Best Years of Their Lives
(1997), pp 84–5, 88; Bill Williamson,
The Temper of the Times
(Oxford, 1990), pp 95–7; T. Ferguson and J. Cunnison, ‘The Impact of National Service’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Dec 1959), p 286; Arthur Marwick,
Britain in Our Century
(1984), p 153; Sidney R. Campion,
The
World of Colin Wilson
(1962), pp 42–3.

16
. Liz Stanley,
Sex Surveyed,
1949
–
1994 (1995), pp, 87, 97, 111, 123– 4, 132–4, 137– 40, 155, 166. For a trenchant critique of the sexing up of ‘Little Kinsey’ in an October 2005 BBC television documentary, see: Norman Dennis, ‘Propaganda or Public Service Broadcasting?’,
Civitas Review
(Feb 2006), pp 1–13.

17. Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 86–7, 93, 96–7, 98–114,.

18
. Jeffrey Weeks,
Coming Out
(1990), pp 158–9;
Independent
, 22 Dec 2001 (Philip Hoare);
Woman’s Own
, 11 May 1950; John Coldstream,
Dirk Bogarde
(2004), p 194.

19
. Mark Abrams, ‘Social Trends and Electoral Behaviour’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Sept 1962), pp 240–41; M-O A, Directives for Aug 1949, Replies (Women A–M).

20
. Martin Francis, ‘“Not Reformed Capitalism, But . . . Democratic Socialism”’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds),
The Myth of Consensus
(Basingstoke, 1996), p 43; Headlam, pp 615–16; Matthew Hilton, ‘Michael Young and the Consumer Movement’,
Contemporary British History
(Sept 2005), p 312;
Independent
, 3 Jul 1997 (Young interview); Speed, 25 Jan 1950; Conservative Party,
This
Is The Road
(1950), pp 1–4.

21
.
Financial Times
, 14 Mar 1992 (David Butler); Lewis Baston,
Reggie
(Stroud, 2004), p 71; H. G. Nicholas,
The British General Election of
1950 (1951), p 126; BBC WA, R9/13/37;
The New Yorker
, 4 Mar 1950.

22. Mervyn Jones,
Michael Foot
(1994), pp 167–71; Baston,
Reggie
, pp 73–4; Robert Shepherd,
Iain Macleod
(1994), p 58; Simon Heffer,
Like a Roman
(1998), pp 132– 3; Robert Shepherd,
Enoch Powell
(1996), pp 79–81; John Campbell,
Edward Heath
(1993), p 67; Campbell,
Margaret Thatcher, Volume One
(2000), p 80; Crosland Papers (British Library of Political and Economic Science), 16/1, 3/9 Feb 1950.

23
. Headlam, p 619; Lord Hill of Luton,
Both Sides of the Hill
(1964), p 126; Bruce Belfrage,
One Man in His Time
(1951), p 214; Haines, 15 Feb 1950.

24
. Harold Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune
(1969), p 312; Mark Benney et al,
How People
Vote
(1956), pp 129–30, 155–6, 159; Mass-Observation,
Voters’ Choice
(1950), p 5; Steven Fielding et al,
‘England Arise!’
(Manchester, 1995), p 193; M-O A, TC 76/4/E.

25
. Nicholas,
General Election
, pp 107–8, 127–8; Benney et al,
How People Vote
, p 160; Bourke,
Working-Class Cultures
, p 189; M-O A, D 5353, 4 Feb 1950;
Listener
, 23 Feb 1950; Hill, p 128; Preston, 14 Feb 1950; Hodgson, 18 Feb 1950.

26
. Stuart Laing,
Representations of Working-Class Life,
1957
–
1964 (Basingstoke, 1986), p 7; Nicholas,
General Election
, p 126; Martin Gilbert,
‘Never Despair’
(1988), pp 510-11; Harold Nicolson,
The Later Years,
1945
–
1962
: Diaries and Letters, Volume
III
(1968), p 186; Francis Beckett,
Clem Attlee
(1997), p 279;
Voters’ Choice
, pp 8–9;
Listener
, 23 Feb 1950.