Sex for Sale~Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry (9 page)

37

RONALD WEITZER

71. Robert Bauserman, “Sexual Aggression and Pornography: A Review of Correlational Research,”
Basic and Applied Social Psychology
18 (1996): 405–427; Edward Donnerstein, Daniel Linz, and Steven Penrod,
The
Question of Pornography: Research Findings and Policy Implications
, New York: Free Press, 1987.

72. Bauserman, “Sexual Aggression and Pornography”; see also Berl Kutchinsky, “Pornography and Rape: Theory and Practice? Evidence from Crime Data in Four Countries where Pornography is Easily Available,”

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
14 (1991): 47–64; Milton Diamond and Ayako Uchiyama, “Pornography, Rape, and Sex Crime in Japan,”
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
22 (1999): 1–22.

73. Joseph Scott and Steven Cuvelier, “Sexual Violence in Playboy Magazine: A Longitudinal Content Analysis,”
Journal of Sex Research
25 (1987): 534–539; Ted Palys, “Testing the Common Wisdom: The Social Content of Video Pornography,”
Canadian Psychology
27 (1986): 22–35; Joseph Scott and Steven Cuvelier, “Violence and Sexual Violence in Pornography,”
Archives of Sexual Behavior
22 (1993): 357–371.

74. Palys, “Testing the Common Wisdom.”

75. Bauserman, “Sexual Aggression and Pornography,” p. 424.

76. Petra Boynton, “‘Is That Supposed to be Sexy?’ Women Discuss Women in Top Shelf Magazines,”
Journal of Community and Applied Social
Psychology
9 (1999): 91–105.

77. See the studies reviewed by Feona Attwood, “What Do People Do with Porn?”
Sexuality and Culture
9 (2005): 65–86.

78. Glona Cowan, Cheryl Chase, and Geraldine Stahly, “Feminist and Fundamentalist Attitudes toward Pornography Control,”
Psychology of
Women Quarterly
13 (1989): 97–112.

79. David Loftus,
Watching Sex: How Men Really Respond to Pornography
, New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 2002, p. xii. Most of the men in the sample were contacted via the Internet and thus may be unrepresentative of the larger population, but the findings are consistent with some other inquiries, e.g., Marty Klein, “Pornography: What Men See When They Watch,” in Peter Lehman, ed.,
Pornography: Film and Culture
, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2006.

80. Loftus,
Watching Sex
, p. 249.

81. Loftus,
Watching Sex
, p. 137–147.

82. Jan Browne and Victor Minichiello, “Research Directions in Male Sex Work,”
Journal of Homosexuality
31 (1996): 29–56; Donald West,
Male
Prostitution
. Binghamton, NY: Haworth; 1993; Peter Aggleton, ed.,
Men
Who Sell Sex
, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.

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SEX WORK: PARADIGMS AND POLICIES

83. Exceptions are David Duncan, “Trends in Gay Pornographic Magazines,”
Social Science Research
73 (1989): 95–98, and Carl Stychin,

“Exploring the Limits: Feminism and the Legal Regulation of Gay Male Pornography,”
Vermont Law Review
16 (1992): 857–900.

84. An exception is Amy Flowers,
The Fantasy Factory: An Insider’s View of the
Phone Sex Industry
, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.

85. Eddie Adams, “Indiana Group Targets Adult Businesses,” Adult Video News Media Network, November 16, 2007.

86. Bryant Paul, Daniel Linz, and Bradley Shafer, “Government Regulation of Adult Businesses through Zoning and Anti-Nudity Ordinances: Debunking the Legal Myth of Negative Secondary Effects,”
Community
Law and Policy
6 (2001): 355–391.

87. Daniel Linz, “An Examination of the Assumption that Adult Businesses are Associated with Crime in Surrounding Areas,”
Law and Society Review
38 (2004): 69–104. See also Daniel Linz, Bryant Paul, and Mike Yao,

“Peep Show Establishments, Police Activity, Public Place, and Time: A Study of Secondary Effects in San Diego, California,”
Journal of Sex
Research
43 (2006): 182–193.

88.
Miller v. California
, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).

89. Paul Brest and Ann Vandenberg, “Politics, Feminism, and the Constitution: The Anti-Pornography Movement in Minneapolis,”

Stanford Law Review
39 (1987): 607–661.

90. Lisa Duggan, Nan Hunter, and Carole Vance, “False Promises: Feminist Anti-Pornography Legislation,”
New York Law School Law Review
38

(1993): 133–163.

91. Brest and Vandenberg, “Politics, Feminism, and the Constitution.”

92. Carole Vance, “The Meese Commission on the Road,”
The Nation
(August 2, 1986): 65, 76–82; Larry Baron, “Immoral, Inviolate, or Inconclusive?”
Society
(July–August, 1987): 6–12.

93. Daniel Linz, Edward Donnerstein, and Steven Penrod, “The Findings and Recommendations of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography,”
American Psychologist
42 (1987): 946–953.

94. U.S. Department of Justice,
Beyond the Pornography Commission: The
Federal Response
, Washington, DC: GPO, 1988.

95. U.S. Department of Justice,
Beyond the Pornography Commission
, p. 31.

96. Jim McGee and Brian Duffy,
Main Justice
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, pp. 282, 293.

97. Ted Gest, “The Drive to Make America Porn-Free,”
U.S. News and World
Report,
February 6, 1989; Jim McGee, “U.S. Crusade Against Pornography Tests the Limits of Fairness,”
Washington Post,
January 11, 1993.

39

RONALD WEITZER

98. PBS interview with Bruce Taylor, Transcript, Frontline/Public Broadcasting Service, 2001.

99. My interview with official in Child Exploitation and Obscenity Unit, February 24, 1999.

100. Richard Schmidt, “U.S. Cracking Down on Porn,”
Deseret News
, February 15, 2004; Barton Gellman, “Recruits Sought for Porn Squad,”

Washington Post
, September 20, 2005; U.S. Department of Justice,

“Obscenity Prosecution Task Force Established to Investigate, Prosecute Purveyors of Obscene Materials,” Press Release. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, May 5, 2005.

101. Laura Sullivan, “Justice Department Sets Sights on Mainstream Porn,”

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, April 11, 2004.

102. Dept. of Justice, “Obscenity Prosecution.”

103. Robert Gehrke, “Nation’s Porn Prosecutor Fronts War against Obscenity,”
Salt Lake Tribune
, February 26, 2007.

104. Schmidt, “U.S. Cracking Down on Porn.”

105. PBS interview with Taylor.

106. PBS interview with Taylor.

107. Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, annual.

108. Merit Audits and Surveys, Merit report, October 15–20, 1983, N =

1200; Louis Harris poll, January 11–February 11, 1990, N = 2254.

109. “The Task Force therefore recommends that the City stop enforcing and prosecuting prostitution crimes.” San Francisco Task Force on Prostitution,
Final Report
, San Francisco Board of Supervisors, 1996, p. 6.

110. See Ronald Weitzer, “Why Prostitution Initiative Misses: Measure Q in Berkeley Fails on Three Counts,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, September 26, 2004, p. E3.

111. Prostitution Task Force,
Workable Solutions to the Problem of Street
Prostitution in Buffalo, New York
, Buffalo, October 1999.

112. “Poll: French Want Brothels Legalized,”
Boston Globe
, January 22, 1995.

113. Ipsos/MORI Poll, June 11–12, 2008, N = 1012, aged 16 and over.

114. October 1997 poll, cited in Chrisje Brants, “The Fine Art of Regulated Tolerance: Prostitution in Amsterdam,”
Journal of Law and Society
25

(1998): 621–635.

115. Edgar Danter, “Green Light at Last for Dutch Red Light Districts,”

Deutsche Presse-Agentur,
February 6, 1999, N = 2600.

116. Ministry of Justice,
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the
Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003
, Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008.

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SEX WORK: PARADIGMS AND POLICIES

117. Bernard Cohen,
Deviant Street Networks: Prostitution in New York City
, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980.

118. The policy is described in more detail in Ronald Weitzer, “Prostitution Control in America: Rethinking Public Policy,”
Crime, Law, and Social
Change
32 (1999): 83–102. My discussion of indoor prostitution is restricted to workers who entered the trade voluntarily, and does not pertain to those who have been coerced or deceived into selling sex. Law enforcement directed at the protection of such victims is obviously laudable.

119. On Britain, see Catherine Benson and Roger Matthews, “Police and Prostitution: Vice Squads in Britain,” in Ronald Weitzer, ed.,
Sex for
Sale
, New York: Routledge, 2000.

120. See, for instance, the six-page investigative report on the policing of massage parlors in Louisville, Kentucky: Jim Adams and Jason Riley,

“Louisville Takes Aim at Parlor Prostitution,”
The Courier-Journal
, July 11, 2004. A study of 16 cities in the mid-1980s by Julie Pearl found that in three of them (Baltimore, Memphis, Milwaukee) indoor prostitution accounted for between one-quarter and one-third of their prostitution arrests and half of the arrests in Cleveland. Pearl data cited in Weitzer, “Prostitution Control in America,” p. 90.

121. Jessica Logan, “Internet Replacing Streetwalking for Inland Prostitution,”
The Press-Enterprise
(Riverside), January 1, 2008.

122. Sara Green, “Prostitution Sting Leads to 104 Arrests,”
Seattle Times
, November 16, 2006.

123. Quoted in Mike Brunker, “Prostitution Thrives on the Net,”
ZD Net
News
, June 7, 1999.

124. In some other places, vice officers are allowed to undress prior to making an arrest. See Robert Crowe, “Officers Disrobe to Uncover Crime: HPD

Changed its Policy to Crack Down on Spas Fronting for Prostitution,”

Houston Chronicle
, January 24, 2005. And in some other places, vice cops are allowed to receive some sexual contact. Louisville, Kentucky is one example: see Jason Riley and Jim Adams, “Officers Have Sexual Contact with Suspects,” and Jason Riley, “Undercover Methods Draw Ridicule, Praise,”
The Courier-Journal
, July 11, 2004. In half of the massage parlor arrests, officers’ reports mentioned that they had received fondling or oral sex from a worker. Similar practices have occurred in Phoenix and some other cities, but these are exceptional.

125. Ian Demsky, “Police Defend Prostitution Tactic: DA Says Encounters Using Informants Unnecessary,”
The Tennessean
, February 2, 2005.

126.
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 6, 1990.

41

RONALD WEITZER

127. Montgomery Blair Sibley, interviewed by Katherine Frank,
Spread
magazine, Fall 2008, pp. 24–25.

128. Vice sergeant interviewed by Julie Pearl, May 1985; transcript cited in Weitzer, “Prostitution Control in America.”

129. In many American cities and counties, parlors exist that are populated by one ethnic group exclusively. Many of these are Korean, Chinese, or Mexican in composition, and some cater exclusively to clients from the same ethnic background.

130. San Francisco Committee on Crime,
A Report on Non-Victim Crime in San
Francisco, Part 2: Sexual Conduct, Gambling, Pornography
, Mayor’s Office, 1971, p. 44.

131. Helen Reynolds,
The Economics of Prostitution
, Springfield: Charles Thomas, 1986, p. 194.

132. Michael Rekart, “Sex Work Harm Reduction,”
The Lancet
(December 17, 2006): 2123–2134; Linda Cusick, “Widening the Harm Reduction Agenda: From Drug Use to Sex Work,”
International Journal of Drug
Policy
17 (2006): 3–11.

133. San Francisco Committee,
Report on Non-Victim Crime
, p. 38.

134. Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution,
Pornography and
Prostitution in Canada
, Ottawa: Department of Justice, 1985, p. 515.

135. Federal/Provincial Territorial Working Group on Prostitution,
Report
and Recommendations in Respect of Legislation, Policy, and Practices Concerning
Prostitution-Related Activities
, Ottawa: Department of Justice, 1998, p.

35.

136. Reynolds,
Economics of Prostitution
, p. 192.

137. Marianne Hester and Nicole Westmarland,
Tackling Street Prostitution:
Towards an Holistic Approach
, Home Office Research Study 279, London: Home Office, 2004; Jane Pitcher, “Support Services for Women Working in the Sex Industry,” in Rosie Campbell and Maggie O’Neill, eds.,
Sex Work Now
, Portland: Willan, 2006; Clarissa Penfold, Gillian Hunter, Rosie Campbell, and Leela Barham, “Tackling Client Violence in Female Street Prostitution: Inter-Agency Working between Outreach Agencies and the Police,”
Policing and Society
14 (2004): 365–379.

138. The Safe Harbor for Exploited Children Act, 2008, New York State.

139. Adele Weiner, “Understanding the Social Needs of Streetwalking Prostitutes,”
Social Work
41 (1996): 97–105.

140. Atlanta Task Force on Prostitution,
Findings and Recommendations
, Mayor’s Office, Atlanta, GA, 1986; San Francisco Committee,
Report on
Non-Victim Crime
.

141. Special Committee,
Pornography and Prostitution in Canada.

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SEX WORK: PARADIGMS AND POLICIES

142. Federal/Provincial Territorial Working Group,
Report and Recommendations
, p. 71; Home Office,
A Coordinated Prostitution Strategy
, London: Home Office, 2006. In England, it is already legal for a person to sell sex in her/his own home, and the Home Office recommended that it be legal for three people to work in the same residence.