A Brief Guide to the Great Equations (46 page)

magnetic,
57
,
72

in primitive religion,
47–48
,
280
n

resistance to,
46
,
50
,
53
,
54
,
59
,
62
,
63
,
281
n,
282
n

forced (violent) motion,
48
,
49
,
53
,
54
,
55
,
63

formal indication,
269

‘Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity’ (Einstein),
199–200

Fourier, Charles,
86–87

Franklin, Benjamin,
86

Franzen, Jonathan,
154

Fraser, George MacDonald,
43–44
,
45

Frayn, Michael,
211
,
235
,
262–63

Frederick II ‘the Great,’ King of Prussia,
97

Freemasons,
24
,
31

Freundlich, Erwin,
194–95
,
198

Frisch, Otto,
174

Fuller, Buckminster,
109

functions,
96
,
98
,
99–106
,
274
n

H-,
121–22

ψ-,
223–25
,
226
,
228
,
246–47
,
248
,
251

sine,
97
,
100–102

wave,
223–25
,
226–28
,
264
,
265

‘Further Researches on the Thermal Equilibrium of Gas Molecules’ (Boltzmann),
121

Galilean transformations,
160
,
162

Galileo Galilei,
15
,
22
,
33
,
56
,
58,
59
,
60
,
62
,
82–83

‘book of nature’ image of,
17
,
57
,
65–68

distinction between mass and weight noted by,
78

effects of gravity measured by,
75

falling-body experiments of,
53

falling body law of,
57–58
,
110

space as viewed by,
57

thought experiment of,
57
,
62
,
81
,
160

Galison, Peter,
269–70

Garfield, James A.,
30
,
30,
31

Gauss, Carl Friedrich,
105

General Principles of Equilibrium and Motion
(L. Carnot),
115

geometric proofs,
31

geometry,
22–23
,
29
,
34
,
36–38
,
44
,
57
,
73
,
95
,
98
,
105
,
276
n

in ancient India,
25

definition of,
95

doubling area of square in,
36–39
,
39

non-Euclidean,
196–97

of space-time,
196–97
,
199
,
208

see also
Pythagorean theorem

Gilbert, William,
57
,
72
,
73–74

Glass Bottom Boat, The
(film),
107

God,
76
,
92
,
168
,
183
,
225
,
261

in books of nature and scripture,
66–68

celestial sphere lent impetus by,
54–55
,
282
n

cosmic harmonies established by,
72–73
,
75

gravity as volition implanted by,
72

impressed force used by,
53

Newton’s accomplishments and,
70

planetary orbits and,
57

Saint-Simon’s vision of,
86

as supreme lawgiver,
84–85

as unmoved mover,
49
,
51
,
55

Goldhaber, Alfred S.,
227–28

Goldstein, Herbert,
184

gravitational red shift,
193
,
200
,
207

gravity,
58
,
70–77

as Cartesian vortices,
75
,
78
,
81

as centrifugal force,
76
,
78
,
79

common centre of,
80

falling bodies and,
70–71

as implanted by God,
72

Kepler’s theory of,
73–75

mass and,
61
,
69
,
78
,
81
,
82
,
188

planetary motions and,
74–77
,
79

see also
Einstein’s equation for general relativity; Newton’s law of universal gravitation

Greek language,
23
,
29
,
35
,
84
,
96
,
118
,
154

Greeks, ancient,
15
,
22
,
29
,
47–51
,
70–71
,
273
n

idea of proof as originated by,
27
,
277
n
–78
n

normative laws of,
84

see also
Aristotle; Socrates

Greene, Brian,
211

Grossman, Marcel,
196–97
,
233–34

Guillen, Michael,
274
n

Habicht, Conrad,
168
,
172
,
183
,
191

Hahn, Otto,
174

Hale, George,
195

Halley, Edmond,
77
,
79–80
,
81
,
88

Halley’s comet,
77

Hardy, G. H.,
182

Harmonies of the World
(Kepler),
57

Harrison, Peter,
66
,
68

Harrison, Richard,
13–14
,
18
,
272

Harvey, William,
56

Hawking, Stephen,
157

heat,
114–25
,
134
,
137–38
,
215

caloric theory of,
113
,
114
,
115–17

conservation vs. conversion of,
112
,
113
,
114–15
,
116–17
,
118
,
119

as force,
114–15

kinetic theory of,
118
,
120–21

mechanical equivalent of,
112
,
113
,
117
,
119

see also
thermodynamics

Heaviside, Oliver,
18
,
132
,
149–51
,
267

Heaviside’s equations,
150–51

Hegel, G.W.F.,
34
,
45

Heisenberg, Werner,
16
,
129–31
,
211
,
220–21
,
225
,
228
,
229
,
230
,
235–60
,
237,
261
,
263
,
265

Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
128
,
129–30
,
235–60
,
267
,
268

experimental conditions and,
253
,
254
,
255–58

matrix mechanics in,
130
,
242–54
,
257
,
258
,
259

as popular cultural icon,
235–36
pq
-
qp
=
I
h
/2π
i
in,
244
,
245
,
251–57
,
296
n
–97
n

understanding meaning of,
261–65

visualizability in,
238–39
,
240
,
245–46
,
251
,
255–58
,
260
,
265

wave mechanics in,
246–54
,
257–58
,
259

Helmholtz, Hermann von,
112,
119
,
145–46
,
148

hermeneutic circle,
267

hermeneutics,
285
n

Hertz, Heinrich,
145–47
,
151
,
202

H-function,
121–22

Hilbert space,
263
,
298
n

Hilleman, Maurice,
153

Hisâb al-jabr wa’l muquâbalah
(al-Khowârizmî),
95
,
98

History of Britain
(Schama),
152
,
154

Hobbes, Thomas,
21–23
,
32
,
33
,
45
,
276
n

Holton, Gerald,
232–34

Hooke, Robert,
76–77
,
78–79
,
81
,
82
,
89

humanities, restoring vitality of,
152–55

Huxley, Thomas,
83

Huygens, Christiaan,
30
,
31

hydrogen atom,
216
,
245
,
247
,
294
n

ideal-gas law,
229

Ihde, Don,
211–12

imaginary numbers,
96
,
97
,
99–106
,
149

immanent frame,
55

impedance matching,
212–13

impetus,
54–55
,
58
,
78
,
282
n

impossibility, science of,
128–31

impressed force,
51–52
,
53–55
,
60
,
61

Imus, Don,
107

indeterminate equations,
15

India,
25
,
26
,
28
,
29–30

induction,
135
,
136
,
138

inertia,
54
,
79

as first law of motion,
61

Principia’s
Definition Three as,
60

inertial mass,
168–69
,
170
,
172–73
,
188

inertial reference frames,
160
,
161
,
166–67
,
168–70

infinite series,
95–96
,
97
,
98–99
,
100
,
101–2
,
104

instantaneous force,
58
,
59
,
60

instantaneous speed,
50
,
55–56
,
281
n

intelligent design,
68

interferential refractometer,
148

Introduction to Infinite Analysis
(Euler),
98–104

intuition,
34
,
38
,
45
,
60
,
249

invariance,
61–62
,
158–64

inverse square laws,
69
,
73
,
73,
74
,
76–77
,
78
,
79
,
82
,
89
,
190
,
207

ionosphere,
149

Irigaray, Luce,
157

irrational numbers,
32
,
95
,
96
,
99–106

Isaacson, Walter,
210

isosceles right triangles,
35–41

Jackson, J. D.,
151

Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität,
189–90

James, William,
216

Jammer, Max,
219
,
237
,
297
n

Jefferson, Thomas,
86

Jordan, Pascual,
130
,
236–37
,
243
,
244
–
46
,
253
,
254
,
255
,
257
,
298
n

Joule, James Prescott,
112,
117
,
118
,
119

Jupiter,
194–95

satellites of,
145
,
284
n

Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord,
113,
117
,
118
,
121
,
134
,
136–39

‘Nineteenth Century Clouds’ talk of,
126–27
,
164
,
191
,
215

Kepler, Johannes,
22
,
57
,
67
,
72–75
,
78

elliptical orbits discovered by,
74–75
,
76
,
79
,
284
n

laws of motion formulated by,
75
,
76
,
79
,
81

Khowârizmî, Mohammed ibn Musa al-,
95
,
98

kinesis,
48

kinetic energy,
169

kinetic theory of gases,
118
,
120–21

knowledge,
32
,
45
,
267

acquisition of,
19
,
35–39
,
40

matrix of,
35–36
,
40

objective,
61–62

Kohlrausch, Rudolph,
141

Konigsberg bridge problem,
98

Kramers, Hendrik,
218–19
,
225
,
236
–
37
,
240

Latin,
14–15
,
29
,
58
,
95

Lavoisier, Antoine,
114
,
115
,
291
n

Lederman, Leon,
271–72