A Peace to End all Peace (79 page)

4
A. J. P. Taylor,
English History 1914–1945
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 34.

5
Sheila Fitzpatrick,
The Russian Revolution
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 10; Alec Nove,
An Economic History of the U. S. S. R.
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), pp. 20–5;
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th edn, s.v. “Russia.”

6
Hugh Seton-Watson,
The Russian Empire 1801–1917
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 704–5.

7
Norman Stone,
The Eastern Front 1914–1917
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1975), p. 288; Michael Kettle,
The Allies and the Russian Collapse March 1917–March 1918
(London: André Deutsch, 1981), p. 98.

8
Gordon A. Craig,
Germany 1866–1945
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 375.

9
Ulrich Trumpener,
Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 153.

10
Bertram D. Wolfe,
Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History
, 4th rev. edn (New York: Dell, Delta Books, 1964), pp. 620
et seq
.; Edmund Wilson,
To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1953), pp. 445
et seq
.

11
The account that follows is based on Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau,
The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) 1867–1924
(London: Oxford University Press, 1965); and on the documents from the German archives reproduced in Z. A. B. Zeman (ed.),
Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915–1918
(London: Oxford University Press, 1958).

12
Zeman and Scharlau,
The Merchant of Revolution
, p. 136.

13
Zeman (ed.),
Germany
, p. 1.

14
Zeman and Scharlau,
The Merchant of Revolution
, p. 155.

15
Ibid., p. 154.

16
Ibid., pp. 156–7.

17
Ibid., p. 158.

18
Leonard Schapiro,
The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism
(New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 95.

19
Kettle,
The Russian Collapse
, pp. 13–35.

20
Norman Stone,
Europe Transformed 1878–1919
(London: Fontana, 1983), p. 371.

21
Edward Hallett Carr,
The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923
, Vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1951), p. 70.

22
Zeman (ed.),
Germany
, pp. 35–6.

23
Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918
(London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 82.

24
Taylor,
English History
, pp. 94–5.

CHAPTER 31

1
Arthur S. Link,
Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 179–80.

2
Ibid., pp. 201–3.

3
Charles Seymour,
The Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, Vol. 3 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 51.

4
John Maynard Keynes,
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920), p. 42.

5
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George
, Vol. 3:
1916–1917
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 64.

6
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
, ed. by Arthur S. Link
et al
., Vol. 41:
January 24–April 6, 1917
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), p. 438.

7
Ibid., p. 462.

8
Ibid., p. 520.

9
Ibid., p. 525.

10
Ibid.

11
Seymour,
Papers of Colonel House
, Vol. 3, p. 45.

12
Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann, and the American Century
(Boston and Toronto: Little Brown and Company, 1980), p. 133.

13
Seymour,
Papers of Colonel House
, Vol. 3, p. 323.

14
Ibid.

15
Seymour,
Papers of Colonel House
, Vol. 2, p. 415.

16
Steel,
Lippmann
, p. 136.

17
Lawrence Evans,
United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914–1924
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), p. 39.

18
Ibid., pp. 40–2.

19
Lawrence E. Gelfand,
The Inquiry: American Preparation for Peace, 1917–1919
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 47.

20
Ibid., p. 273.

21
Ibid., pp. 60–2.

22
Ibid., pp. 240–50.

23
Ibid., pp. 250–52.

24
Seymour,
Papers of Colonel House
, Vol. 3, p. 39.

25
Wilson,
Papers
, Vol. 41, pp. 537–8.

26
Gelfand,
The Inquiry
, p. 173.

CHAPTER 32

1
Roger Adelson,
Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 222.

2
Lord Beaverbrook,
Men and Power 1917–1918
(London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. 47.

3
Ibid., p. 48.

4
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George
, Vol. 4:
1917
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 68.

5
Ibid., p. 66.

6
Ibid., p. 432.

7
Ibid., pp. 573–4.

8
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume
, Vol. 4, Part 1:
January 1917–June 1919
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 59.

9
Beaverbrook,
Men and Power
, p. 141.

10
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 4:
1916–1922, The Stricken World
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 18.

11
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 99.

12
Gilbert,
Churchill:
Vol. 4, p. 30.

13
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 101.

14
Ibid., p. 108.

15
London. House of Lords Record Office. Beaverbrook Collection. Lloyd George Papers. F—6—1. Documents 1 through 16 (b).

16
Gilbert,
Churchill: Companion Volume
, p. 60.

17
Elie Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 159.

18
David Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), Vol. 2, p. 721.

19
Ibid., p. 722.

20
Barbara W. Tuchman,
Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1956), p. 121.

21
Ronald Sanders,
The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983), p. 5.

22
Sir Charles Webster,
The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841: Britain, the Liberal Movement and the Eastern Question
(New York: Humanities Press, 1969), Vol. 2, p. 761. See also Leonard Stein,
The Balfour Declaration
(London: Valentine Mitchell, 1961), pp. 5–9, and Tuchman,
Bible and Sword
, pp. 80–224.

23
H. H. Asquith,
Letters to Venetia Stanley
, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 406.

24
Ibid., p. 477.

25
Ibid.

26
Ibid.

27
Ibid., pp. 477–8.

28
Isaiah Friedman,
The Question of Palestine, 1914–1918, British-Jewish-Arab Relations
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 129.

29
Alex Bein,
Theodore Herzl: A Biography
, trans. by Maurice Samuel (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1941), pp. 411
et seq
.

30
London. House of Lords Record Office. Beaverbrook Collection. Lloyd George Papers. G—33—1. Documents 14 through 16.

CHAPTER 33

1
Isaiah Friedman,
The Question of Palestine, 1914–1918, British-Jewish-Arab Relations
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 123.

2
Vladimir Jabotinsky,
The Story of the Jewish Legion
, trans. by Samuel Katz (New York: Bernard Ackerman, 1945), p. 31.

3
Joseph B. Schechtman,
Rebel and Statesman: The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, the Early Years
(New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1956), pp. 204–7 assigns the major share of the credit to Trumpeldor.

4
Jabotinsky,
The Jewish Legion
, p. 66.

5
Rehovot, Israel. Weizmann Archives. Memorandum of 7 February 1917 meeting; Roger Adelson,
Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1975), p. 226.

6
L. S. Amery,
My Political Life
, Vol. 2:
War and Peace: 1914–1929
(London: Hutchinson, 1953), p. 115.

7
George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), p. 412.

8
The Leo Amery Diaries
, Vol 1:
1896–1929
, ed. by John Barnes and David Nicholson (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 137.

9
W. K. Hancock,
Smuts: The Sanguine Years, 1870–1919
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 426.

10
Lord Beaverbrook,
Men and Power 1917–1918
(London: Hutchinson, 1956), pp. xxiv–xxv; A. J. P. Taylor,
English History 1914–1945
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 82.

11
War Memoirs of Lloyd George
, Vol. 4:
1917
(Boston, Little, Brown, 1934), p. 90.

12
Ibid., pp. 66–7.

13
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, Vol. 3:
June 1910–November 1918
, ed. by W. K. Hancock and Jean Van Der Poel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), p. 465.

14
Ibid., p. 500.

15
Hancock,
Smuts
, pp. 434–5.

16
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, Vol. 5:
September 1919–November 1934
, ed. by Jean Van Der Poel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 25.

17
Ibid., p. 18.

18
Hancock,
Smuts
, pp. 434–5.

19
The Smuts Papers
, Vol. 4:
November 1918–August 1919
, ed. by W. K. Hancock and Jean Van Der Poel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), pp. 26–7.

20
Amery,
My Political Life
, p. 116.

CHAPTER 34

1
Rehovot, Israel. Weizmann Archives. Sacher letter, 2 February 1917; Scott letter, 3 February 1917; Weizmann letter, 3 February 1917.