A Peace to End all Peace (76 page)

30
Grey,
Twenty-Five Years
, p. 167.

31
Asquith,
Letters
, p. 402.

32
Christopher Sykes,
Two Studies in Virtue
(London: Collins, 1953), p. 205.

CHAPTER 8

1
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 3:
1914–1916, The Challenge of War
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 12.

2
George H. Cassar,
Kitchener: Architect of Victory
(London: William Kimber, 1977), p. 172.

3
H. H. Asquith,
Letters to Venetia Stanley
, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 157.

4
Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918
(London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 48; Cassar,
Kitchener
, p. 193.

5
Violet Bonham Carter,
Winston Churchill as I Knew Him
(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode and Collins, 1965), p. 316.

6
Lord Beaverbrook,
Politicians and the War 1914–1916
(London: Oldbourne Book Co., 1960), p. 172.

7
Duff Cooper,
Old Men Forget
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954), p. 54.

8
G. W. Steevens,
With Kitchener to Khartum
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1900), p. 46.

9
Ibid., p. 48.

10
Ibid., p. 45.

11
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Kitchener.”

12
Cassar,
Kitchener
, p. 196.

13
Elie Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 12–13; L. Hirszowicz, “The Sultan and the Khedive, 1892–1908,”
Middle Eastern Studies
(October 1972); Jukka Nevakivi, “Lord Kitchener and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916,” in K. C. Bourne and D. C. Watt (eds),
Studies in International History
(London: Longman, 1967), p. 318.

14
Lord Edward Cecil,
The Leisure of an Egyptian Official
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1921), p. 187.

15
The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1937), p. 206.

16
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 29.

17
Sir Mark Sykes,
The Caliphs’ Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire
(London: Macmillan, 1915).

18
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th edn, s.v. “Turkey” Lord Eversley,
The Turkish Empire, from 1288 to 1914
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1969), p. 6.

19
Arab Bulletin
, no. 47, 11 April 1917.

20
H. V. F. Winstone,
The Illicit Adventure
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1982), pp. 107–9 and 220–1.

CHAPTER 9

1
Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914–1918
(London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, 1933), p. 75.

2
G. W. Steevens,
With Kitchener to Khartum
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1900), pp. 64–5.

3
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 469/8.

4
Ibid.

5
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George
, Vol. 3:
1916–1917
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1934), pp. 304–5.

6
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0045.

7
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 470/4.

8
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0071.

9
Ibid. Document 0073.

10
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Clayton Key Papers. G//S 513. File 1.

11
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47. Document QQ16.

12
Ibid. Document QQ15.

13
Christopher M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya-Forstner,
The Climax of French Imperial Expansion: 1914–1924
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981), p. 68.

14
Ibid., p. 69.

15
Ibid., p. 40.

16
Ibid., pp. 69–70.

CHAPTER 10

1
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “World War.”

2
John Buchan,
Greenmantle
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1916), p. 17.

3
C. Ernest Dawn,
From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism
(Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), pp. 54–68.

4
The account in the text follows that in Elie Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 4–11.

5
Majid Khadduri, “Aziz ’Ali Al-Misri and the Arab Nationalist Movement,” in Albert Hourani (ed.),
Middle Eastern Affairs: Number Four
, St Antony’s Papers, no. 17 (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 140–3.

6
H. V. F. Winstone,
The Illicit Adventure
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1982), p. 380.

7
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, pp. 13–14.

8
Ibid., p. 25.

9
Ibid., p. 17.

10
Zeine N. Zeine,
The Emergence of Arab Nationalism with a Background Study of Arab-Turkish Relations in the Near East
(Beirut: Khayats, 1966).

11
Dawn,
Ottomanism
, p. 152.

12
Albert Hourani,
The Emergence of the Modern Middle East
(Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 193–215; Dawn,
Ottomanism
; Zeine N. Zeine,
Arab Nationalism
, pp. 39–59.

13
George Antonius,
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement
(New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), p. 133; Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 19.

14
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Gilbert Clayton Papers. 469/8.

15
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 22.

16
Ibid., pp. 17–18.

17
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47. Document QQ38.

CHAPTER 11

1
Elie Kedourie,
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpreters 1914–1939
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 30.

2
Briton Cooper Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921
(Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1971), p. 62.

3
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 30.

4
Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs
, p. 62.

5
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 120.

6
Ibid., p. 30.

7
H. V. F. Winstone,
Captain Shakespear
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1976).

8
Busch,
Britain, India, and the Arabs
, p. 60.

9
Ibid., p. 11.

10
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 52.

11
Ibid., pp. 47–51.

12
Ulrich Trumpener,
Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914–1918
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 117.

13
Fritz Fischer,
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), p. 126.

14
Trumpener,
Ottoman Empire
, p. 118.

15
Kedourie,
Anglo-Arab Labyrinth
, p. 76.

16
C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill,
The Mirage of Power
, Vol. 3:
The Documents, British Foreign Policy 1902–1922
(London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p. 538.

17
University of Durham. Sudan Archive. Clayton Key Papers. G//S 513. File 1.

18
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 45. Document 0074.

CHAPTER 12

1
C. Ernest Dawn,
From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism
(Urbana, Chicago, and London: University of Illinois Press, 1973), p. 14, nn. 42 and 43.

2
Kew. Public Record Office. Kitchener Papers. 30/57 47.

3
Ibid. Document QQ15.

CHAPTER 13

1
The text material on the Caucasus campaign follows the first-hand account supplied by Major Franz Carl Endres in the
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 12th edn, s.v. “Turkish Campaigns.”

2
90,000 effectives, according to Endres, ibid. The current
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 15th edn. s.v. “World Wars,” uses the figure 180,000.

3
Ibid.

4
Ahmed Emin,
Turkey in the World War
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930), p. 88.

5
Frank G. Weber,
Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance 1914–1918
(Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1970), p. 98; C. R. M. F. Cruttwell,
A History of the Great War
, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), p. 351.

6
Margaret FitzHerbert,
The Man Who Was Greenmantle: A Biography of Aubrey Herbert
(London: John Murray, 1983), p. 147.

7
H. H. Asquith,
Letters to Venetia Stanley
, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 414.

8
The statistics that follow are taken from Charles Issawi,
The Economic History of Turkey: 1800–1914
(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 366
et seq
.

9
Emin,
Turkey
, p. 92.

CHAPTER 14

1
Lord Beaverbrook,
Men and Power 1917–1918
(London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. xvii.

2
Walter Hines Page, quoted in Kenneth O. Morgan,
Lloyd George
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), p. 13.

3
A. J. P. Taylor,
English History 1914–1945
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), p. 74.

4
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 3:
1914–1916, The Challenge of War
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 230.

5
Zara C. Steiner,
Britain and the Origins of the First World War
(London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1977).

6
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
(London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1978), p. 239.

7
H. H. Asquith,
Letters to Venetia Stanley
, ed. by Michael and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 266.

8
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Challenge of War
, p. 226; John Grigg,
Lloyd George: From Peace to War 1912–1916
(London: Methuen, 1985), p. 194.

9
Lord Beaverbrook,
Politicians and the War 1914–1916
(London: Oldbourne, 1960), p. 175.

10
Gilbert,
Churchill: The Challenge of War
, pp. 328–9.

CHAPTER 15

1
Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Vol. 3:
1914–1916, The Challenge of War
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 234.