A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (157 page)

38.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, pp. 868–69, August 26, 1861.

39.
NARA, M.T-396, roll 4, vol. 4, U.S. consul in Leith to Seward, August 29, 1861.

40.
For example, Edward Anderson complained, “I called last night on Mr. Yancey to protest against his recommendation of English adventurers for appointment in the Confederate Army. The case in point was that of a young man who for some days had been hanging around my quarters seeking to get a recommendation to the authorities in Richmond, and who from all I could gather was an unprincipled trifling fellow. I had refused to endorse him and he went from me to Yancey who, without any knowledge whatever of the man, gave him letters to the Secy of War which procured him employment as an officer. I subsequently learned that this fellow turned out a Yankee spy.” W. S. Hoole,
Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1976), pp. 43–44, August 7, 1861.

41.
Joseph A. Fry,
Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America
(Reno, Nev., 1982), p. 50.

42.
McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, p. 318.

43.
Frank J. Merli,
Great Britain and the Confederate Navy
(Bloomington, Ind., 1965), p. 17.

44.
R. I. Lester,
Confederate Financing and Purchasing in Great Britain
(Charlottesville, Va., 1975), p. 148.

45.
James D. Bulloch,
The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe
, 2 vols. (New York, 1884), vol. 1, p. 32.

46.
McCaskill, “An Estimate of Edwin DeLeon’s Report of His Service to the Confederacy,” p. 22.

47.
At 10 Rumford Place.

48.
David Hepburn Milton,
Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 29.

49.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 83–87, James Bulloch to Mallory, August 18, 1861.

50.
Fry,
Henry S. Sanford
, p. 37.

51.
Harriet Chappell Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad, 1861–1865,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 48 (Sept. 1961), p. 212.

52.
Ibid., pp. 212–13.

53.
Anderson never told Huse that his original mission had been to report on the latter’s operations and, if necessary, send him home. Huse’s determination to beat out Federal competition looked like reckless spending to the Confederate authorities, who had no idea of the obstacles impeding their agent. Some even suspected him of harboring Union sympathies because he did not hate all Northerners. But after three weeks’ acquaintance Anderson was able to report that Huse’s only defect was that he sometimes lacked discretion.

54.
Neill F. Sanders, “Consul, Commander and Minister: A New Perspective on the Queenstown Incident,”
Lincoln Herald
, 81/2 (1979), pp. 102–15, at p. 103, Sanford to Seward, July 4, 1861.

55.
Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad,” p. 214.

56.
Hoole,
Confederate Foreign Agent
, p. 64, September 26, 1861.

57.
Ibid., p. 36, July 25, 1861.

58.
Samuel Bernard Thompson,
Confederate Purchasing Operations Abroad
(Gloucester, Mass., 1973), p. 16.

59.
Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad,” p. 214.

60.
Warren F. Spencer,
The Confederate Navy in Europe
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), p. 18.

61.
David Hollett,
The Alabama Affair: The British Shipyards Conspiracy in the American Civil War
(Wilmslow, 1993), p. 16.

62.
OR, ser. I, vol. 4, no. 127, p. 577, L. P. Walker to Caleb Huse and Edward Anderson, August 17, 1861.

63.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 2, pp. 83–87, James Bulloch to Stephen Mallory, August 18, 1861.

64.
Neill F. Sanders, “Lincoln’s Consuls in the British Isles, 1861–1865,” Ph.D. thesis
,
University of Missouri, 1971, p. 34.

65.
Peter Barton, “The First Blockade Runner and the ‘Another Alabama’: Some Tees and Hartlepool Ships That Worried the Union,”
Mariner’s Mirror
, 81 (1995), pp. 45–64.

66.
F. L. Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy
(2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 233.

67.
Stephen R. Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War
(Columbia, S.C., 1988), p. 24.

68.
Anthony Trollope,
North America
(repr. London, 1968), p. 20.

69.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
, October 13, 1861. Despite the relative disappointment of Lewinsville, McClellan decided that the 79th merited the return of its colors. They were handed over during a solemn ceremony.

70.
Vizetelly provided the
Illustrated London News
with a sketch of the wounded being greeted by General McClellan. The accompanying description was completely over the top: “He raised his hat as each poor fellow was borne from the ambulance to the hospital; and many whose eyes were fast glazing in death raised themselves … and smiled a last smile at their young and beloved General.”

71.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, p. 318, October 10, 1861.

72.
Ibid., p. 313, September 11, 1861.

73.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 125, W. H. Russell to Delane, September 13, 1861.

74.
John Black Atkins,
The Life of Sir William Howard Russell
, 2 vols. (London, 1911), vol. 2, p. 72.

75.
Nevins,
The War for the Union
, vol. 1, p. 300. McClellan actually had 152,000, but one-third were absent, under arrest, or otherwise unfit for duty.

76.
PRO FO5/779, desp. 131, Consul Archibald to Lord Russell, September 25, 1861. By late summer, Archibald was making the five-hour journey to Lafayette on a weekly basis. He discovered extreme malnutrition among the men. Their food allotment should have been worth 43 cents a day, but theft by the guards reduced this to 10. Eugene H. Berwanger,
The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War
(Lexington, Ky., 1994), pp. 53–54.

77.
Ibid., p. 55.

78.
On September 25, Benjamin Moran wrote: “We have some very fine young fellows to see us for service in our army.” Two days later, he wrote again: “There were several fine gentlemanly Englishmen here today.” Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, pp. 883, 884, September 27, 1861.

79.
Adams wrote that he was plagued with visitors because of “the notice current in the papers that I have authority to engage officers for the American service. The wish for adventure and pay is great in all the countries of Europe. I see something of it from almost every nation.” MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, September 30, 1861. Adams had to be extremely careful lest he attract the same charge of recruiting that led to the English minister, John Crampton, being expelled from Washington during the Crimean War. As far as he was concerned, the would-be Federals could do whatever they wished so long as the legation was not made a party to their plans.

80.
Russell,
My Diary, North and South
, p. 291.

81.
One issue of
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper
listed the Count de Sayre, the Baron de Schonen, and Major General Charles F. Havelock of the Imperial Ottoman Army all arriving simultaneously in Washington. Ella Lonn has identified dozens of British officers and soldiers of fortune who held positions of responsibility in the Union army. Two of the most distinguished were Robert Johnstone and John Lambert. Ella Lonn,
Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy
(New York, repr. 1969), p. 283. Robert Johnstone was lieutenant colonel of the 5th New York Cavalry until August 1863. When questioned about his reasons for joining, he explained that all his life he had delighted in anything big, and that he could not remain idle while so big a nation was being split asunder. And John Lambert was a captain in the 33rd New Jersey Volunteers who later became acting inspector general on General David Hunter’s staff.

82.
New York State Library, Edwin Morgan MSS, box 19, f. 11, L.D.H. Currie to Governor Morgan, March 2, 1863.

83.
PRO 30/22/35, f. 229–24, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, September 9, 1861. (The origin of the anecdote remains a mystery. Lord Lyons merely wrote: “Seward exercises upon the reports of spies and informers, the power of depriving British subjects of their liberty, or retaining them in prison, or liberating them, by his sole will and pleasure.”)

84.
Berwanger,
The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War
, p. 53.

85.
BDOFA
, part I, ser. C, vol. 5, p. 307, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, September 6, 1861.

86.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 150, Russell to Delane, October 14, 1861.

87.
Ibid., p. 125, Russell to Delane, September 13, 1861.

Chapter 7: “It Takes Two to Make a Quarrel”

 
1.
Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis: Confederate President
, 3 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 1, p. 141.

 
2.
W. S. Hoole,
Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1976), p. 66, September 26, 1861.

 
3.
Harriet Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad, 1861–1865,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, 48 (Sept. 1961), p. 215.

 
4.
Joseph A. Fry,
Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America
(Reno, Nev., 1982), p. 45.

 
5.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 899, October 31, 1861.