A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (156 page)

47.
Ibid., July 6, 1861, p. 22.

48.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 74, Russell to J. C. Bancroft Davis, June 22, 1861.

49.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
(London, 1863), p. 377. Berwanger’s 1988 abridged edition does not include this observation.

50.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War,
p. 80, Diary, July 4, 1861.

51.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 429.

52.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 79, Diary, July 3, 1861.

53.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 227.

54.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865,
2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, July 2, 1861.

55.
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
(New York, 2005), p. 364.

56.
PRO 30/22/35, Lord Lyons to Lord John Russell, July 20, 1861.

57.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union
, 4 vols.; vol. 1:
The Improvised War, 1861–1862
(New York, 1959), p. 214.

58.
William Mark McKnight,
Blue Bonnets o’er the Border: The 79th New York Cameron Highlanders
(Shippensburg, Pa., 1998), p. 23.

59.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 240, July 13, 1861. He also doubted that any army could reconquer so vast a territory as the South. “It is one thing,” he opined in
The Times,
“to drive the rebels from the south bank of the Potomac, or even to occupy Richmond, but another to reduce and hold in permanent subjection a tract of country nearly as large as Russia.”
The Times
, July 18, 1861.

60.
John Bakeless,
Spies of the Confederacy
(New York, 1970), p. 10.

61.
The value of her work has since been questioned, but there is no doubt that she was able to send advance warning to General Beauregard to prepare for the imminent arrival of the Federal army in Virginia. Edwin Fishel,
The Secret War for the Union
(New York, 1996), p. 59.

62.
Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
, p. 8, July 4, 1861.

63.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
(London, 1863), p. 438. Berwanger’s 1988 abridged edition does not include this exchange.

64.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 266.

65.
Ibid.

66.
The Times,
August 6, 1861.

67.
Illustrated London News
, August 10, 1861, pp. 143–45.

68.
James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
(London, 1990), p. 342.

69.
McKnight,
Blue Bonnets o’er the Border
, p. 27.

70.
Ibid., p. 28.

71.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 268.

72.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
.

73.
The Times
, August 6, 1861.

74.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Berwanger, p. 277.

75.
Hill,
A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy
, p. 10.

Chapter 6: War by Other Means

 
1.
The Times,
August 6, 1861.

 
2.
William Howard Russell,
My Diary North and South
, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York, 1988), p. 278.

 
3.
Allan Nevins,
The War for the Union
, 4 vols; vol. 1:
The Improvised War, 1861–1862
(New York, 1959), p. 221.

 
4.
The Confederates suffered 400 killed and 1,600 wounded, and the Federals 625 killed, 950 wounded, and 1,200 captured. James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
(London, 1988), p. 347.

 
5.
James McPherson,
Tried by War
(New York, 2008), p. 41.

 
6.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c.
1881), n.pp., August 15, 1861.

 
7.
Martin Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862
(Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 110, August 26, 1861.

 
8.
Camille Ferri Pisani,
Prince Napoleon in America
, trans. Georges Joyaux, (Bloomington, Ind., 1959), p. 100.

 
9.
Crawford (ed.),
William Howard Russell’s Civil War
, p. 100, August 7, 1861.

10.
West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, Box 299, August 5, 1861.

11.
Pisani,
Prince Napoleon in America
, p. 113.

12.
Ibid., p. 130.

13.
Jeff Kinard,
Lafayette of the South
(College Station, Tex., 2001), p. 19.

14.
PRO 30/22/35, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, September 6, 1861. Bunch had been entrusted with secret negotiations between the South and Britain and France to end privateering. This too was exposed in the diplomatic bag.

15.
Another piece of bad luck was Robert Mure’s surname—the same as the consul’s in New Orleans. U.S. newspapers erroneously claimed that the two men were related, which made it look as though the British consuls in the South were in cahoots with one another against the North.

16.
West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, Box 299, Lord Lyons to sister, August 23, 1861.

17.
Alan Hankinson,
Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907
(London, 1982), p. 170.

18.
Russell,
My Diary North and South
, pp. 301, 305.

19.
The letter was purportedly from an English soldier, R. Young Atkins, “late of the Garibaldi Brigade,” who fought at Bull Run. The real Atkins was from Cork, his name was Richard Goring, and whether he wrote any of the rubbish in the letter remains doubtful.

20.
C. Vann Woodward (ed.),
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(New Haven, 1981), p. 159, August 23, 1861.

21.
Brian Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 1, p. 154. It was a coincidence that John Bright broke his public silence about the Civil War just three days before the news of Bull Run. Neither the timing nor his views found favor with the voters of Rochdale and the Radical candidate lost the election.

22.
Stanley Morison,
The Times: The History of The Times; The Tradition Established, 1841–84
(London, 1939), p. 367.

23.
Durham University, General Charles Grey MSS, GRE/D/VI/6, General Grey to 3rd Earl Grey, August 31, 1861.

24.
Susan St. John Mildmay and Herbert St. John Mildmay (eds.),
John Lothrop Motley and His Family: Further Letters and Records
(London, 1910), p. 112.

25.
BL Add. MS 415670, f. 216, George Henry Herbert to Jack, October 12, 1861.

26.
He had allowed his mind to wander during drill practice. Unfortunately, wrote the regimental historian, when the order to march was given he “failed to move, and as a consequence the regiment ‘stood fast’ while all the other regiments moved off. For an instant the General seemed paralyzed with astonishment.” He then bellowed at the top of his voice, “ ‘Move! Move! For God’s sake, you little bandy-legged man, move!’ Herbert moved.” When the practice was over, five hundred men turned in Herbert’s direction and shouted in unison, “Move! Move, you little bandy-legged man!” Matthew J. Graham,
The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers
(Lancaster, Ohio, repr. 1997), p. 66.

27.
BL Add. MS 415670, f. 216, Herbert to Jack, July 18, 1861.

28.
Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.),
Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1900), vol. 1, pp. 234–35, Charles Francis Adams to J. M. Forbes, August 30, 1861.

29.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, August 6, 1861.

30.
Deborah Logan (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau
, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 283, Martineau to Henry Reeve, July 28, 1861.

31.
Morning Star
, July 15, 1861.

32.
Letters, Speeches, and Addresses of August Belmont
(n.p., 1890), p. 77, Belmont to Seward, July 30, 1861.

33.
Illustrated London News
, August 10, 1861.

34.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 247, Lord Russell to Yancey, Rost, and Mann, August 24, 1861.

35.
James D. Richardson (ed.),
A Compilation of Messages and Papers of the Confederacy Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Nashville, Tenn., 1905), vol. 2, p. 53, Yancey and Mann to Robert Toombs, August 1, 1861.

36.
Charles McCaskill, “An Estimate of Edwin DeLeon’s Report of His Service to the Confederacy,” MA thesis, University of South Carolina, 1950, p. 24.

37.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 233, Mann to Toombs, August 3, 1861. Mann continued: “The modus operandi would be this: That you should employ a strictly trustworthy individual to prepare a short statement of the most important occurrences, and transmit it per Cunard steamer to us, under cover to ‘M’Iver, agent Cunard Packets, Queenstown, Ireland.’ Reuter will give him directions to telegraph the contents to us the moment the steamer touches at that place. If it were deemed important to communicate twice a week, then a dispatch might be sent to ‘Joseph Sharpe,’ Southampton, England.”