Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War (54 page)

2.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 18 October 1970, and Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970, box H029/NSCIF/NPMP.

3.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 670.

4.
Agenda Annex, “The Setting for Policy Choice,” enclosure, Memorandum, NSC Staff Secretary, Jeanne Davis, to the Vice President et al., 13 October 1969, box H040/NSCIF/NPMP.

5.
Memorandum, General Vernon Walters to Henry Kissinger, 3 November 1970, enclosure, Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970, box H029/NSCIF/NPMP.

6.
Telcon, Kissinger and Roger, 14 September 1970, in Kornbluh, “New Kissinger ‘Telcons’ Reveal Chile Plotting.”

7.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970.

8.
See
Covert Action in Chile
, 23–26, and Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 11–35.

9.
Fidel Castro, Speech at Teatro Municipal, Santiago, 25 November 1971, published as “Teatro Municipal Santiago,”
Cuba-Chile
, 380.

10.
Fidel Castro as quoted in Information Report, FBIS, “Trends in Communist Propaganda,” 19 September 1970, CDP-CIA.

11.
Chain interview; Estrada interview; and conversations with Oña, March–April 2010.

12.
Castillo Estay, “Mucha Gente Me Culpó Cuando Se Suicidó la Tati.”

13.
Veneros,
Allende
, 267.

14.
Estrada interview; Oña interviews, 9 and 16 December 2004, 3 September 2005; and Pérez, “Salvador Allende, Apuntes Sobre su Dispositivo de Seguridad,” 49.

15.
Pérez, “Salvador Allende, Apuntes Sobre su Dispositivo de Seguridad,” 39–46.

16.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 51, 54.

17.
Oña interview, 3 September 2005, and Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 47–48.

18.
Estrada,
Tania
, 17–21, 34–42.

19.
Amat interview, 24 April 2006.

20.
Oña interviews, 16 December 2004, 2 May 2006, and 15 April 2006.

21.
Oña interview, 16 December 2004; conversations with Oña, March–April 2010; and Suárez,
Manuel Piñeiro
, 97, n. 1.

22.
Estrada interview; Oña interviews, 2004–10; Otero interview, 17 December 2004; and Vázquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005. Before Chile, Estrada was assigned to accompany Guevara out of Africa. Estrada, Testimony, 2003, CMSA. See also, Estrada,
Tania
, 17–21.

23.
Castillo Estay, “Mucha Gente Me Culpó Cuando Se Suicidó la Tati,” and Oña interviews, 15 April and 2 May 2006.

24.
Oña interviews, 3 September 2005 and 2 May 2006.

25.
Oña interview, 2 May 2006. Unfortunately, the author has not seen or heard this interview. Oña believes it to be the most detailed interview in existence with the president-elect about his aims after being elected.

26.
Oña interview, 9 December 2004, and conversations with Oña, March–April 2010.

27.
Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 51, 54, 49, and Pérez, “Salvador Allende, Apuntes Sobre su Dispositivo de Seguridad,” 45–46.

28.
Marambio,
Armas de Ayer
, 69–70, 81.

29.
Oña interviews, 2004–6; Estrada interview; and Quiroga,
Compañeros
, 58. There is some debate as to whether Cubans actually joined the GAP. Together with the Cubans’ own accounts, Marambio rejects the idea that Cubans were ever integrated, albeit recalling that a few Cubans did help to train members of the escort. Marambio,
Armas de Ayer
, 90. On the importance of Cuban support with training, see Pascal Allende interview.

30.
Estrada interview; Oña interviews, 2004–6; Vázquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005; Suárez interview, 10 December 2004; Jaramillo Edwards interviews, 24 November 2004 and 21 September 2005; and Soto interview, 7 July 2005.

31.
Oña interview, 9 December 2004.

32.
Oña interview, 3 September 2005.

33.
Records of the Staff Secretary, NSDM Working Files, Minutes, SRG Meeting on Chile, 14 October 1970, box H289/NSCIF/NPMP.

34.
Kissinger, “Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy” (1966), in Kissinger,
American Foreign Policy
, 14.

35.
Talking Points, Kissinger, SRG Meeting on Chile, 18 August 1970, box H047/NSCIF/NPMP.

36.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 490.

37.
Telcon, Kissinger and Nixon, 12 September 1970, in Kornbluh, “New Kissinger ‘Telcons’ Reveal Chile Plotting.”

38.
NSSM 97 as quoted in Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 8, and Memorandum, “Why did the U.S. Government Not Take More Vigorous Political Action Measures to Prevent the Election of the Marxist candidate, Salvador Allende, as President of Chile?” 4 March 1971, The Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, “December 9, 2010 Materials Release.”

39.
Crimmins interview.

40.
Telcon, Kissinger and Rogers, 24 October 1970, box 7/HAK Telcons/NSC/NPMP, and Memorandum, “Why did the U.S. Government Not Take More Vigorous Political Action Measures?” 4 March 1971.

41.
White House Tape, Nixon, Kissinger, and Haldeman, 11 June 1971, doc. 139, FRUS/1969–1976/E-10.

42.
Telcons, Kissinger and Nixon, and Kissinger and Helms, 12 September 1970, in Kornbluh, “New Kissinger ‘Telcons’ Reveal Chile Plotting.”

43.
This group was formed by Eisenhower and was known as the 303 Committee under President Lyndon Johnson. Hitchens,
Trial of Henry Kissinger
, 16–18.

44.
Telcon, Kissinger and Rogers, 14 September 1970, in Kornbluh, “New Kissinger ‘Telcons’ Reveal Chile Plotting”; and Memorandum for the Record, Frank Chaplin, “Minutes of the Meeting of the Forty Committee, September 8 1970,” September 9, CDP-NSC. For Korry’s telegrams, see Telegram, Korry to SecState, 5 September 1970, NSA. Kissinger refers to Nixon as underlining passages of the cable. Kissinger,
White House Years
, 654.

45.
Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 14 September 1970, CDP-NSC; Memorandum, William McAfee (INR) to Johnson (Under Secretary of State), 8 September 1970, CDP-NARA; Telegram, Johnson to Korry, 25 September 1970, CDP-CIA.

46.
Intelligence Memorandum, Directorate of Intelligence, “Situation Following the Chilean Presidential Election,” 7 September 1970, CDP-NSC; and “Minutes of the Meeting of the Forty Committee, September 8 1970.” For State Department views, see Intelligence Note, INR, 1 October 1970, box H048/NSCIF/NPMP; and Telegram, Robert Hurwitch to the Secretary, 3 November 1970, box 2201/RG59/NARA. For Defense Department views, see Telcon, Kissinger and Laird, 10 October 1970, box 7/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

47.
“Minutes of the Meeting of the Forty Committee, September 8 1970”; Memorandum, McAfee to Johnson, 8 September 1970; and Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 14 September 1970.

48.
“Minutes of the Meeting of the Forty Committee, September 8 1970.”

49.
“HAK Talking Points—Chile” enclosure, Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 7 September, CDP-NSC. Newly released documents from the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum have revealed that the first of these measures was initially proposed by the U.S. ambassador in Santiago back in June 1970 but that this was shelved and ignored by decision makers until late August, when the Senior Review Group of the National Security Council again proposed that an Action Plan be drawn up to prevent an Allende victory in a congressional run-off. Amid evidence suggesting that Allende would lose, however, there is no indication that an Action Plan was in fact produced before the 40 Committee met on 8 September. Memorandum, “Why did the U.S. Government Not Take More Vigorous Political Action Measures?” 4 March 1971.

50.
Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 14 September 1970.

51.
Telcon, Kissinger and Rogers, 14 September 1970.

52.
Telcon, Kissinger and Nixon, 12 September 1970. Telephone call logs and Nixon’s daily schedule list Don Kendall calling Nixon on 12 September followed by a meeting on 15 September with Edwards and Kissinger at the White House. Log, 12 September 1970, box 106/Presidential Telephone Calls June 1970–December 1970/President’s Office Files/NPMP; box 102/President’s Daily Schedule July 1970 to May 1971/President’s Office Files/NPMP; and Kissinger,
White House Years
, 673. On Edwards’s “escape” from Chile, see Arancibia Claval,
Conversando con Roberto Kelly
, 123–24.

53.
CIA Report, “Review of Political and Military Options in Chilean Electoral Situation,” 14 September 1970, CDP-NSC.

54.
Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 14 September 1970, and Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 16 September 1970, CDP-NSC.

55.
Intelligence Telegram, David Philips (CIA Chile Task Force) to CIA Station, Santiago, 27 September 1970, CDP-CIA (filed as 28 September).

56.
Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of the 40 Committee, 6 October 1970,” 7 October 1970, CDP-NSC.

57.
Quotations from Handwritten Notes, Helms, 15 September 1970, in Kornbluh,
Pinochet File
, 36.

58.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 17 September 1970, enclosure, Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 17 September 1970, CDP-NSC.

59.
Intelligence Telegram, Philips to CIA Station, Santiago, “Need Station New Possibilities,” 27 September 1970, CDP-CIA.

60.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 673.

61.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 490.

62.
“Minutes of the 40 Committee Meeting, 6 October 1970.”

63.
Telegram, SecState to All American Republic Diplomatic Posts, 10 September 1970, box 18/RG84/NARA. On allusions to this lobbying, see Walters,
Silent Missions
, 566, and Kissinger,
White House Years
, 675.

64.
Memorandum of Conversation, Nixon and Saragat, Rome, 27 September 1970, box 467/NSCF/NPMP.

65.
Memorandum of Conversation, Nixon and Pope Paul VI, 28 September 1970, box 467/NSCF/NPMP; Memorandum, Haig to Kissinger, 28 September 1970, box
467/NSCF/NPMP; and Record of a Meeting between the Prime Minister and President Nixon, 3 October 1970, Prime Minister’s Files, 15/714/TNA. Nixon also urged British prime minister Edward Heath to defer two relatively unimportant loans to Chile, which the latter did.

66.
Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of the 40 Committee, 14 October 1970,” 16 October 1970, CDP-NSC.

67.
Intelligence Telegram, CIA Headquarters to CIA Station, 16 October 1970, CDP-CIA.

68.
Paul Wimert, interview with CNN, 21 February 1999, NSA.

69.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 667.

70.
Telcon, Kissinger and Nixon, 23 October 1970, box 7/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

71.
“Minutes of the 40 Committee, 14 October 1970.”

72.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 18 October 1970, enclosure Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 18 October 1970, CDP-NSC.

73.
Memorandum, Vaky to Kissinger, 16 October 1970, box H048/NSCIF/NPMP. On the SRG, see National Security Decision Memorandum 85, box H219/NSCIF/NPMP.

74.
Records of the Staff Secretary, NSDM Working Files, Minutes, SRG Meeting on Chile, 14 October 1970. On the lack of an “effective analysis of interests,” see also Memorandum, “Why did the U.S. Government Not Take More Vigorous Political Action Measures?” 4 March 1971.

75.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 665.

76.
Records of the Staff Secretary, NSDM Working Files, Minutes, SRG Meeting on Chile, 29 October 1970, box H289/NSCIF/NPMP.

77.
Quotation from Memorandum, Dwight Chaplin for H. R. Haldeman, 4 November 1970, box H029/NSCIF/NPMP.

78.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970.

79.
Note, Kissinger to Nixon, enclosure, ibid.

80.
See, for example, Memorandum, Vernon Walters to Kissinger, “Brazil,” c. December 1968, doc. 116/FRUS/1969–1976/E-10.

81.
Author’s correspondence with an employee at the U.S. National Defense Intelligence College regarding Walters’s personal diaries, 3 January 2008.

82.
Memorandum, Walters to Kissinger, 3 November 1970.

83.
Handwritten note, Nixon to Kissinger, 5 November 1970, on Note, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970. Emphasis in original.

84.
Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 5 November 1970.

85.
Letter, Osvaldo Dorticós, President of Cuba to Allende, 1 November 1970, Cuba/1970/AMRE. See also Vázquez and Cubillas interviews.

86.
Rodríguez as quoted in “Summary of Press Conference,” 24 November 1970, FCO7/1991/TNA.

87.
Timossi interview, 14 September 2005.

88.
Quotation from Record of Conversation, Ambassador Alexseev and Volodia Teitelboim, 14 October 1970, 411. Allende also recounted Castro’s counsel to Galo Plaza. Memorandum of Conversation, Galo Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970, Tomás Moro, enclosure, Memorandum, Rogers to Nixon, 29 December 1970, box 2196/RG59/NARA.

89.
Quotation from Memorandum of Conversation, Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970. See also Castro as quoted in Record of Conversation, Ambassador Alexseev and Volodia Teitelboim, 14 October 1970. On Castro similarly advising the Peruvians to wait, see Oficio, Jorge Edwards (chargé d’affaires), Embachile Havana to Señor Ministro, 10 December 1970, Cuba/1970/AMRE.

90.
Oña interview, 16 December 2004.

91.
Estrada interview. On Carretero’s role in Bolivia, see Castañeda,
Compañero
, 239, 346.

92.
Oña interviews, 2004–6; Otero interview; Vázquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005; and Soto interviews, 29 April and 7 July 2005.

93.
Telcon, Kissinger and Rogers, 30 October 1970, box 7/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.