American Experiment (132 page)

[Lincoln to Speed on his political views]:
quoted in Thomas, pp. 163-64.

[Douglas-Lincoln confrontations, 1854]:Johanssen, Stephen A. Douglas,
pp. 456-59; Oates,
With Malice Toward None,
pp. 113-18.
[Douglas journeys home “by the light of my own effigy”]:
Johanssen,
Stephen A. Douglas,
p. 451.

[The Republican “third cadre” in Illinois]:
Victor B. Howard, “The Illinois Republican Party,”
Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,
Vol. 64, No. 2 (Summer 1971), Part I: “A Party Organizer for the Republicans in 1854,” pp. 124-60. See also Paul Selby, “Genesis of the Republican Party in Illinois,”
Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society,
1906, No. 11 (Springfield, Ill., 1906), pp. 270-83, and Paul Selby Collection, Illinois State Historical Society. Dee Ann Montgomery conducted field research in Illinois on the Illinois Republicans.

[Meeting of anti-Nebraska editors]:
Howard; Part II: “The Party Becomes Conservative, 1855-1856,” pp. 297-99.

[Lincoln’s response to Herndon in regard to the call]:
quoted in Thomas, p. 165: see also Donald,
Lincoln’s Herndon,
p. 84.

[Bloomington convention]:
Howard, Part II, p. 303.

[Douglas’ situation in the Democratic national convention, 1856]:
Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas,
pp. 515-22.

[Republican platform]:
Nevins, p. 461.

[Nevins on Fremont as a candidate]: ibid.,
p. 462; see also Allan Nevins,
Fremont, Path- marker of the West
(D. Appleton, 1939). pp. 425-32.

[Benton opposes Fremont]:
Nevins,
Pathmarker of the West,
p. 448.

[The Whigs’ last hurrah]:
Roy F. Nichols and Philip S. Klein, “Election of 1856,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1889-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), Vol. 2, pp. 1007-33.

[Republican reporter’s comment on Whigs]: ibid.,
p. 1031.

[1856 campaign]:
Schlesinger,
Elections;
Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union;
Don C. Seitz,
Lincoln the Politician
(Coward-McCann, 1931); Kleppner.

[Mrs. Emerson and the Republican delegation]:
Report of the Wayland, Mass., delegation to the Republican National Convention, 1856, from the 8th Congressional District meeting at Concord, Mass., June 2. 1856, Emerson Papers, Concord Free Public Library.

[The Republicans’ battle song]:
Wilfred E. Binltley,
American Political Parties: Their Natural History
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), p. 219.

[Lincoln’s Galena speech]:
quoted in Thomas, p. 168.

[Washington at the time of Buchanan’s inaugural Address ]:
Constance M. Green,
Washington, Village and Capital, 1800-1878
(Princeton University Press, 1962), Ch. 7, “The Eye of the Hurricane, 1849-1860.”

[Description of Washington ]:
Frederick Law Olmsted,
A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States
(Dix & Edwards, 1856). Ch. 1; Daniel D. Reiff,
Washington Architecture, 1791-1861
(U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 1971), pp.113-18; Green; Robert Sears,
Pictorial Description of the United States
(Robert Sears, 1849), p. 282, 301; John Hayward,
A Gazetteer of the United States of America
(Case, Tiffany, 1853), pp. 612-15; John W. Reps,
Monumental Washington
(Princeton University Press, 1967).

[Olmsted’s black servant]:
Olmsted, pp. 4-5.

[Arrest of “genteel colored men”]: ibid,
pp. 16-17; Green, pp. 186-87.

[Marriage of Jefferson Davis and Sarah Taylor]:
Holtnan Hamilton,
Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1941), Vol. 1, Ch. 7.

[Carl Schurt on Jefferson Davis]:
Carl Schurz,
Reminiscences
(McClure, 1907), Vol. 2, p. 21.

[Seward on “higher law than the Constitution”]:
quoted in Thornton K. Lothrop,
William Henry Seward
(Houghton Mifflin, 1896), p. 86.

[Green on the “eye of the hurricane”]:
Green, p. 180.

[Preston Brooks’s assault and vindication]:
David H. Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), pp. 297-311; Avery O. Craven,
The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848-1861
(Louisiana State University Press, 1953), pp. 228-36. .

[South Carolina]:
Louis B. Wright,
South Carolina
(W. W. Norton, 1976); Rosser H. Taylor,
Ante-Bellum South Carolina: A Social and Cultural History
(University of North Carolina Press, 1942); William A. Schaper, “Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina,”
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1900
(Government Printing Office, 1901), Vol. 1, pp. 245-58; William W. Freehling,
Prelude to Civil War
(Harper & Row, 1965), Ch. 1; Olmsted, Ch. 6.

[Freehling’s portrait of planters]:
Freehling, pp. 11-13.

[Slaves’ lives]:
Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman,
Time on the Cross
(Little, Brown, 1974), esp. pp. 202-9, 220-21.

[Savannah River planter (Hammond) on slave mortality]:
Freehling, p. 71,

[Olmsted’s description of slave scene]:
Olmsted, p. 388.

[Patriarchal nature of planter families]:
Michael P. Johnson, “Planters and Patriarchy: Charleston, 1800-1860,
” Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 46, No. 1 (February 1980), pp. 45-72.

[Mary Boykin Chesnut on planters and “their concubines
”
]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 45.

[On feeling “like a beggar”]: ibid.,
p. 51.

[On “hideous black harem”]: ibid.,
p. 71. This diary was rewritten after the Civil War.

[Columbia]:
Freehling, p. 20; Wright, passim.
[Intellectual life in Columbia]:
Wright, Ch. 8.

[Charleston]:
George C. Rogers, Jr.,
Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), pp. 147-48 and passim; William Oliver Stevens,
Charleston
(Dodd, Mead, 1939), passim; Hayward, p. 321.

[Death of cultural adornments during nullification crisis]:
Rogers, p. 160.

[Attempt to require test oath]:
Freehling, pp. 310 ff.

[Unique ideological solidarity and structure of government in South Carolina]:
James M. Banner, Jr., “The Problem of South Carolina,” in Stanley M. Elkins and Eric McKitrick, eds.,
The Hofstadter Aegis
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp. 76-78 and passim.

[Doctrine of “virtual representation”]:
Kenneth S. Greenberg, “Representation and the Isolation of South Carolina, 1776-1860,”
Journal of American History,
Vol. 64, No. 3 (December 1977), pp. 723-43.

[Weakness of local government]:
Ralph A. Wooster,
The People in Power
(University of Tennessee Press, 1969), pp. 88, 92.

[Definition of ideology]:
James MacGregor Burns,
Leadership
(Harper & Row, 1978), pp. 249-50.

[Wiltse on Calhoun’s concept of liberty]:
Charles M. Wiltse,
John C Calhoun: Sectionalist, 1840-1850
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1951), p. 425. See also Charles G. Sellers, Jr., “The Travail of Slavery,” in Charles G. Sellers, Jr., ed.,
The Southerner as American
(University of North Carolina Press, 1960), pp. 40-71.

[Intellectual leaders in the defense of slavery]:
William S. Jenkins,
Pro-Slavery Thought in the Old South
(University of North Carolina Press, 1935); Drew Gilpin Faust,
A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840-1860
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977); David Donald, “The Proslavery Argument Reconsidered,”
Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 37, No. 1 (February 1971), pp. 3-18; Kenneth S. Greenberg, “Revolutionary Ideology and the Proslavery Argument: The Abolition of Slavery in
Antebellum South Carolina,”
Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 42, No. 3 (August 1976), pp. 365-84; Eugene D. Genovese,
The World the Slaveholders Made
(Pantheon Books, 1969); Clement Eaton,
The Mind of the Old South
(Louisiana State University Press, 1964); Jesse T. Carpenter,
The South as a Conscious Minority
(New York University Press, 1930).

[Hammond on slavery as “cornerstone”]:
letter to Thomas Clarkson, Jan. 28, 1845, printed in
The Proslavery Argument
(Walker, Richards, 1852), p. 109.

[Calhoun on people not being all “equally entitled to liberty”]:
John C. Calhoun, “A Disquisition on Government,” in Richard K. Cralle, ed.,
The Works of John C. Calhoun
(D. Appleton, 1854), Vol. 1, p. 55.
[Simms on liberty]:
William Gilmore Simms, “The Morals of Slavery,” in
The-Proslavery Argument,
pp. 256, 258; Faust, pp. 84, 120.

[Contradictions in states’ rights doctrine]:
Greenberg, “Representation and the Isolation of South Carolina,” passim; William W. Freehling,’ “Spoilsmen and Interests in the Thought and Career of John C. Calhoun,
” Journal of American History,
Vol. 52, No. 1 (June 1965), p. 38.

[Control of state legislature over local officials]:
Wooster, pp. 88, 92.

[Rejection of Jeffersonian moral philosophy]:
Louis Hartz,
The Liberal Tradition in America
(Harcourt, Brace, 1955), passim.

[Fitzhugh on destructiveness of liberty and equality]:
George Fitzhugh, “Sociology for the South,” in Eric L. McKitrick, ed.,
Slavery Defended
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 40.

[Bledsoe on slavery and liberty]:
quoted in Jenkins, p. 113.

[Hammond’s repudiation of Jefferson’s dictum]:
letter to Clarkson, in
The Proslavery Argument,
pp. 109-10.

[Southern abrogation of freedom of discussion]:
Clement Eaton,
Freedom of Thought in the Old South
(Duke University Press, 1940); Russell B. Nye,
Fettered Freedom
(Michigan State University Press, 1963).

[Hammond’s “one way” to silence talk of abolition]:
Nye, p. 177.

[Suppression of the
True American]: Eaton,
Freedom of Thought,
pp. 185-93.

[Chapel Hill professor (Hedrick) forced to leave]: ibid.,
pp. 202-5; Nye, pp. 92-94.

[Eaton on southern intellectual blockade]:
Eaton,
Freedom of Thought,
pp. 209, 316.

[For a survey of other defenses of slavery]:
see Donald, “Proslavery Argument.” See also Jenkins, passim.

[Hammonds “mud-sill” address]:
U.S. Senate, March 4, 1858,
Congressional Globe,
35th Congress, 1st session, Part I, pp. 952-62.

[Trescot’s assertion that blacks were not fit for education]:
Greenberg, “Revolutionary Ideology,” p. 372.

[Donald on “pastoral Arcadia”]:
Donald, “Proslavery Argument,” p. 16.

[“A Carolinian” (Edward J. Pringle) on slave as compared to wage worker]:
“A Carolinian,”
Slavery in the Southern States
(J. Bartlett, 1852), pp. 25-27, quoted in Greenberg, “Revolutionary Ideology,” p. 383.

[Fitzhugh on “wage slavery”]:
George Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters,
C. Vann Woodward, ed. (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960). See also Stanley M. Elkins. “The Right to Be a Slave,”
Commentary,
Vol. 30, No. 5 (November 1960), pp. 450-52.

The main source for the Dred Scott decision is Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case
(Oxford University Press, 1978), and major works cited therein.

[Chief Justice Taney].
Carl Brent Swisher,
Roger B Taney
(Macmillan, 1935); Samuel Tyler,
Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, LL.D
(John Murphy, 1876).
[Other Justices]:
Carl B. Swisher,
History of the Supreme Court of the United States,
Vol. 5:
The Taney Period, 1836-1864,
(Macmillan, 1974), pp. 46-48, 53-55, 58-70, 229-40, 242-44.

[Headlines reporting the Dred Scott decision]:
cited in Allan Nevins,
The Emergence of Lincoln
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), Vol. 1, p. 92.

[New York
Tribune
comment on Dred Scott decision]:
quoted in Fehrenbacher, p. 3.

[Procedural aspects of Dred Scott]:
Walter Ehrlich, “Was the Dred Scott Case Valid?”
Journal of American History,
Vol. 55, No. 2 (September 1968), pp. 256-65; F. H. Hodder, “Some Phases of the Dred Scott Case,”
Mississippi Galley Historical Review,
Vol. 16, No. 1 (June 1929), pp. 3-22.

[Buchanan informed by Justices as to probable nature and timing of Dred Scott decision ]:
Fehrenbacher, pp. 311-14.

[Importance placed on “massing the court” against Missouri Compromise]:
David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
(Harper & Row, 1976), p. 274.

[Taney’s rage against the antislavery movement]:
Fehrenbacher, pp. 311, 388, 557, 561.

[Taney’s legal errors in Dred Scott decision]: ibid.,
pp. 337-64, 367-88.

[Everett’s hope for a “vigorous, and conciliatory administration”]:
Edward Everett to James Buchanan, Jan. 19, 1857, Edward Everett Papers, Reel 16, Massachusetts Slate Historical Society.

[Kansan on Lecompton constitution vote]:
Nevins, Vol. 1, p. 236. Emporia
Kansas News: ibid.

[Douglas querying validity of Lecompton constitution]:
Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(Oxford University Press, 1973). pp. 581-82.

[Exchange between Buchanan and Douglas]: ibid.,
p. 586.

[Douglas’ rejection of the Lecompton constitution and reaffirmation of popular sovereignty]: ibid.,
PP· 590-91.