American Experiment (135 page)
Read American Experiment Online
Authors: James MacGregor Burns
Because I have ranged through many periods and dimensions of American history, I solicited critical reviews of the manuscript from scholars far more expert than I. Linda K. Kerber, Ronald P. Formisano, Robert M. Johnstone, Jr., and Robert F. Dalzell, Jr., generously responded with stringent and constructive criticism on the basis of their diverse areas of scholarship. Richard B. Morris and Charles B. Dew kindly reviewed portions of the manuscript. I am grateful to these scholars for taking time from their own teaching and writing.
I am indebted to Ashbel Green and his colleagues at Alfred A. Knopf for constant encouragement on this long-term project, and to Ashbel Green also for wise editorial suggestions. I am also grateful to the National Endowment for the Humanities for financial support of the national, state, and local political party research and analysis that was indispensable to the work. My longtime editorial friend and critic, Jeannette Hopkins, helped significantly in clarifying both the ideas and the language in the work.
Deborah Burns, Milton Djuric, Daniel Frank, Jack Lynch, Melvin Rosenthal, and Wendy Severinghaus provided indispensable help in guiding the manuscript through its final stages. My wife and fellow author, Joan Simpson Burns, was as always the source of unending support and encouragement.
J.M.B.
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abolitionists,
366-7
,
393-4
,
412-13
,
459
,
466
,
473
,
479
,
518-22
,
548-9
,
565
,
577
; attacks against,
514
,
518
,
519
,
522
; and Brown,
589-91
; and Civil War,
620
,
625-6
; and fugitive slaves,
393
,
522
; and Kansas-Nebraska Territory,
544
545-9
,
551-2
; newspapers of,
511
,
514
,
518
,
521
; political action by,
467-70
,
521
,
562
; and religion,
500-1
; strategy of,
519-22
; women,
400
,
403
,
412-13
;
see also
slavery
Adams, Abigail,
16-19
,
58
,
68
,
69
,
78
,
106
,
122
,
123
,
125
,
128
,
133
,
143
,
145
,
168
,
183
,
268
,
271-2
Adams, Charles,
145
Adams, Charles Francis,
619
Adams, John,
16-18
,
24
,
28
,
35
,
43
,
66
,
78
,
91
,
138
,
161
,
191
,
227
,
235
,
267-8
,
270-3
,
368
,
377
,
378
,
419
,
476
,
519
; approves Alien and Sedition Acts,
125
,
127
,
138
,
226
,
263
; character of,
106
,
109
,
146
,
224-7
,
228
,
269
; correspondence with Jefferson,
18-19
,
226
,
271-2
; criticism of,
122
,
128-30
,
138
,
271
; death of,
273
; and Declaration of Independence,
15
,
23
,
272
; election of 1796,
107-9
; election of 1800,
145-7
,
151-3
,
227
; and foreign affairs,
100
,
120-6
; on government,
17-18
,
109
,
224-6
,
272
; midnight appointments of,
166
,
183-4
,
186
; presidency of,
109-10
,
120-33
,
137
,
145-6
,
147-8
,
159
,
164
,
168
,
215
,
260
,
261
,
370
,
428
; on property rights,
25
,
226
; reaction to Shays’s Rebellion of,
17-19
; vice-presidency of,
68
,
69-70
,
71
,
74
,
83
,
92
,
103
; war policy of,
121-6
,
128
; and XYZ Correspondence,
123
Adams, John Quincy,
17
,
169
,
170
,
209
,
232
,
259-60
,
324
,
326
,
327
,
338
,
352
,
356
,
420
,
455
; election of 1824,
264-8
,
321
,
378
; election of 1828,
320-3
; on Essexmen,
224
; in Ghent treaty negotiations,
232-4
; Indian policy of,
95
,
452
; as Minister to England,
235
,
245
; and Monroe Doctrine,
250-4
; and morality in foreign affairs,
253-4
; politics of,
228
,
269
; presidency of,
268-70
,
272
,
311
,
370
,
445
; and property rights,
27
,
268
; as Secretary of State,
239
,
245
,
247-8
,
252-4
,
264
,
440
; on slavery issue,
465
,
518
; and tariff issue,
269-270
Adams, Thomas,
143
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819),
248
agriculture,
3-4
,
72-3
,
256
,
274-5
,
362
,
433
,
535
; absentee ownership in,
283
,
286
; competition in,
528-9
; and county fairs,
286-7
,
308
,
528
; credit in,
13-14
,
276
,
285-6
; depression in,
274
,
328-9
,
589
; expansion of,
140-1
,
526-9
,
534
; experiments in,
140-1
,
278
,
284
,
286
,
529
,
530
; farm families,
73
,
141
,
281-2
,
293
,
394-5
; machinery and tools for,
275
,
280
,
282
,
284
,
286-7
,
295
,
307
,
308
,
394
,
430
,
527
,
530
,
533-4
,
535
; and protective tariff,
269-70
; and slavery,
274
,
275
,
282-5
,
301
,
302
; tenant farmers,
278-9
; transportation of products,
276-7
,
285
,
286
,
287
,
299
,
301-2
,
528
;
see also individual regions
Alabama,
173
,
450
,
452
,
468
; migration to,
282
,
315
; secession of,
597
Alamo,
454-5
Alba, Duke of,
338-9
Albany, NY,
57
,
91-2
,
296
,
298
,
304
,
370
,
440
,
603
Alcott, Amos Bronson,
482
,
487
,
489
Alembert, Jean le Rond d’,
100
Alexander, Capt. Edward,
611
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia,
194
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798),
125-33
,
138
,
141
,
184
,
215
,
226
,
230
,
263
,
330
;
see also
Kentucky resolution; Virginia resolution
Alison, Francis,
111
Allegheny Portage Railroad,
304
,
316
,
352
Allen, Charles,
472
Allen, John,
127
Allen, Samuel Clesson,
361
Allston, Washington,
489
Alton
Observer
,
518
American Colonization Society,
329
,
366
,
468
American Indians,
4-7
,
176
,
178
,
333
,
370
,
451-4
,
621
; as ally of Britain,
6
,
96
,
207
,
216
,
233-4
; culture and governments of,
452-4
; depredations against and removal of,
449
,
450
,
452-4
; and federal government,
5-6
,
55
,
95-7
,
180
,
451-4
,
543
; inequality, political and social, of,
362
,
383
,
410
,
453-
,
519
,
597
; of Latin America,
244
; uprisings by and wars with,
6
,
27
,
93
,
94
,
95-7
,
207
,
452
,
456
; in War of 1812,
211
,
212-13
,
216-17
,
452
; in West,
178-83
,
207
,
471
;
see also individual peoples
American national character,
8-9
,
21
; chauvinism in,
207-9
,
237-5
,
445-9
,
454
,
457
,
458
,
536
,
538
; Dickens’ assessment of,
317
,
353
; escapism in,
438
,
443
; Europeans on,
317-18
,
353-4
,
448
,
536-7
; on frontier,
207
,
317-18
,
477
; ideological divisions in,
547-8
; self-image of,
26
,
237
; speed mania in,
432
; Tocqueville’s assessment of,
355-7
,
449-50
American Philosophical Society,
22
,
111
,
116
,
161
,
179
American Revolution,
6
,
13
,
23
,
25
,
28
,
99-100
,
149
,
220-1
,
222
,
480
,
571
Ames, Fisher,
49
,
84
,
104
,
147
,
161
,
218
,
229
Anderson, Maj. Robert,
606-7
Andover Theological Seminary,
477
,
508
Annapolis Convention (1786),
16
,
28
Antietam Creek, Battle of,
624
Anti-Federalists,
26
,
29
,
60-2
,
68
,
79
,
82
,
85
,
89
,
369
; and ratification of Constitution,
43-4
,
46-58
;
see also
Republican party (Jeffersonian)
Anti-Masons,
334
,
336
,
341
,
373
,
380-1
,
423
,
437
antislavery movement,
see
abolitionists Brown, John; Conscience Whigs; Free Soil movement; Republican party; Stowe, Harriet Beecher;
and other individuals and organizations
Archilochus,
379
Argus of Western America
,
326
Ankara Indians,
180-1
Arista, Gen. Mariano,
461
Aristotle,
29
Arizona,
464
Arkwright, Richard,
291