American Experiment (269 page)

432
[Soldier on unprepared American troops]:
Private Leo Bailey, quoted in Stallings, p. 25.

[Lenin’s call for peace]:
quoted in Leckie,
op. cit.,
p. 108.

[German 1918 offensive]:
DeWeerd,
op. cit.,
part 4; Basil H. Liddell Hart,
History of the First World War
(Cassell, 1970), ch. 8; Leckie, pp. 120–27; Manchester,
Last Lion, op. cit.,
pp. 628–42; Stallings,
op. cit.,
chs. 3–7.

433
[“Retreat, hell”]:
quoted in Robert B. Asprey,
At Belleau Wood
(Putnam’s, 1965), pp.127–28.

[Pershing’s infantry tactics]:
see DeWeerd, pp. 215–16, and sources cited therein.

[West Point discipline for AEF:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 213.

434
[“Pas finie”]: Manchester,
Last Lion,
p. 641.

[“Nous voilà”]:
quoted in Stallings, p. 15.

[Debt to Lafayette]: ibid.,
p. 16.

[The Inquiry]:
Ray Stannard Baker,
Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters
(Doubleday, Doran, 1927–39), vol. 7, pp. 254, 275, 352; Arthur Walworth,
America’s Moment: 1918
(W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 76–78. See also Lawrence E. Gelfand,
The Inquiry
(Yale University Press, 1963),
passim.

[ Wilson on selfish war aims]:
telegram of December 1, 1917, quoted in Baker, vol. 7, p. 387.

435
[“Fourteen Points” address]:
“An Address to a Joint Session of Congress,” January 8,1918, in Link,
Wilson Papers, op. cit.,
vol. 45, pp. 534–39, quoted at pp. 535, 538; see alsoWalworth, pp. 275–83 (Appendix A).

[The “liberal”peace program]:
Link,
Revolution, War, and Peace, op. cit.,
ch. 4.

[German reply to Wilson]: New York Times,
January 11, 12, 1918, quoted in Baker, vol. 7, p. 456, footnote 2.

[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]:
see Leckie, p. 120.

[Wilson on arbitrary power]:
quoted in Sullivan,
op. cit.,
vol. 5, p. 449.

[Baltimore address]:
April 6, 1918, Baker, vol. 8, p. 76.

[“Force to the utmost”]: ibid.

[American tanks at St. Mihiel]:
Martin Blumenson, ed.,
The Patton Papers, 1885–1940
(Houghton Mifflin, 1972), ch. 29, Patton quoted at p. 594.

[Aircraft in World War I]:
Liddell Hart, pp. 457–64; Stallings, ch. 14; Williams,
op. cit.,
pp. 389–92.

435–37
[The last months of the war]:
DeWeerd, chs. 17–18; Baker, vol. 8, chs. 4–5.

438
[Armistice celebration in New York]:
Sullivan, vol. 5, pp. 521–27, newspaper (Brooklyn
Eagle,
November 12, 1918) quoted at p. 527.

[Tocqueville on aristocracies and democracies facing war]:
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America,
Philip Bradley, ed. (Vintage Books, 1954), vol. 1, pp. 235–38.

[Senator on sending an army to France]:
Thomas S. Martin, quoted in Ernest R. May,
War, Boom and Bust
(Time, Inc., 1964), p. 10.

438
[
The momentum of war]: ibid.,
pp. 10–14.

[Creel’s propaganda organization]:
George Creel,
How We Advertised America
(Harper & Bros., 1920); Harold D. Lasswell,
Propaganda Techniques in the World War
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1927); James R. Mock and Cedric Larson,
Words That Won the War
(reprint; Russell & Russell, 1968).

[Chauvinism, war hysteria, war opposition]:
William Preston, Jr.,
Aliens and Dissenters
(Harvard University Press, 1963), quoted at pp. 85, 87; see also Sullivan,
op. cit.,
vol. 5, pp. 467–77; H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite,
Opponents of War, 1917–1918
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1957); Joan M.Jensen,
The Price of Vigilance
(Rand McNally, 1968).

440
[Western governors’ petition for interning of Wobblies]:
quoted in Preston, p. 124.

[Minister on the Lutheran Church in Germany]:
quoted in Sullivan, vol. 5, p. 467.

440–41
[Debs’s arrest and trial]:
Nick Salvatore,
Eugene V. Debs
(University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp. 294–96, Debs quoted at p. 295, Judge D. C. Westenhaver quoted at p. 296; Peterson and Fite, ch. 22; see also James Weinstein,
The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925
(Monthly Review Press, 1967), ch. 3.

[
Wilson on wartime intolerance]:
Conversation with Frank I. Cobb, in John L. Heaton,
Cobb of “The World”
(E. P. Dutton, 1924), quoted in Link,
Progressivism and Peace, op. cit.,
p. 399. For a discussion of the date of this conversation, see Link, p. 399, footnote 33.

[Prohibition ]:
Joseph L. Gusfield,
Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement
(University of Illinois Press, 1963); Peter H. Odegard,
Pressure Politics
(Columbia University Press, 1928); James H. Timberlake,
Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920
(Harvard University Press, 1963); Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1955). pp. 287–91.

442
[Suffragist leaders as “physical wrecks”]:
Carrie Chapman Catt to “My dear precious friend,” October 8, 1912, Woman’s Rights Collection, The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College.

[Stanton on “wrangles”]:
Stanton to Ida Harper, September 30, 1902, Harper Manuscripts, Box 4, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

[Shaw on serving out her “sentence”]:
Shaw to “Dear Friend,” June 10, 1914, Woman’s Rights Collection, Schlesinger Library.

[Gilman on human work as woman’s work]:
Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
Women and Economics
(Small, Maynard, 1898; reprinted by Harper & Row, 1968), p. 53.

443
[Progress on woman’s suffrage by 1913]:
Eleanor Flexner,
Century of Struggle
(Harvard University Press, 1975), ch. 19.

[Suffragists and the other dispossessed]:
Aileen S. Kraditor,
The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920
(Columbia University Press, 1965), chs. 6, 7.

[Isabella Beecher Hooker’s report on her meeting with senators]:
I.B.H. to Susan B. Anthony, January 21, 1871, pp. 1, 10, Stone-Day Foundation, Hartford.

[Stanton on immigrants and the “ignorant native vote”]:
quoted in Kraditor, pp. 129, 133.

[“Indians in blankets and moccasins”]:
Anna Howard Shaw, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 219.

444
[Triangle fire]:
Flexner, pp. 251–52.

[Congressional Union]: ibid.,
pp. 274–79; Mari Jo Buhle and Paul Buhle, eds..
The Concise History of Woman Suffrage
(University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 417–29.

[Suffragists and Theodore Roosevelt]:
correspondence of Ida Husted Harper and Theodore Roosevelt, September 16–December 30, 1918, Huntington Library.

445
[Thompson to Wilson, in opposition to woman’s suffrage]:
Link,
Wilson Papers, op. cit.,
vol. 37, pp. 502–4 (July 30, 1916).

[Flexner on Wilson’s shift toward federal amendment]:
Flexner, p. 288.

446
[Militants at White House gates, January 1917]: ibid.,
pp. 292–93.

[Helen Gardener’s personal influence]:
correspondence of Helen Hamilton Gardener, esp. folders 71–73, Woman’s Rights Collection, Schlesinger Library; Maud Wood Park, “Supplementary Notes about Helen Gardener” (n.d.), Schlesinger Library. See also Harriet B. Laidlaw Papers, esp. corr. 1917 folder, Schlesinger Library; Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association Papers, esp. boxes 1 and 2, which contain extensive correspondence between Minnesota suffrage leaders and national and other state leaders. See also Adelaide Washburn, “Helen Hamilton Gardener,” in Edward T. James, ed.,
Notable American Women, 1607–1950
(Belknap Press, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 11–13.

446
[Wilson’s address to the Senate on woman’s suffrage]:
quoted in Flexner, p. 322.

447
[Woman’s suffrage movement and third parties]:
see, for example, Susan B. Anthony to Mrs. Colby, July 6, 1894, Huntington Library.

448
[Voyage of the
George Washington]: Rear Admiral Cary Grayson,
Woodrow Wilson: An Intimate Memoir
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), ch. 8; James T. Shotwell,
At the Paris Peace Conference
(Macmillan, 1937), pp. 67–84; Arthur Walworth,
America’s Moment: 1918
(W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 129–36.

[Wilson on his reasons for attending the conference]:
Grayson, pp. 59–61. quoted at pp. 60, 59 respectively.

[Wilson’s discussion with the Inquiry]:
Shotwell, pp. 75–78, quoted at pp. 76, 77, and 78 respectively.

449
[Shotwell’s observations on Wilson]: ibid.,
pp. 70–71, 73.

449–50
[Poster in Brest]: ibid.,
pp. 83–84.

450
[Europe, winter 1918–19]:
Arno J. Mayer,
Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking 1918–1919
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1967); Charles L. Mee, Jr.,
The End of Order: Versailles 1919
(E. P.Dutton, 1980); Francis W. O’Brien, ed.,
Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920
(Texas A&M University Press, 1978); Walworth,
op. cit.

[Lansing on Clemenceau]:
quoted in Mee, p. 17.

450–51
[Wilson-Clemenceau meetings]:
Walworth, pp. 144–46; see also Charles Seymour,
The Intimate Papers of Colonel House
(Houghton Mifflin, 1928), vol. 4, pp. 251–54.

451
[Wilson in Britain and Italy]:
Mee, pp. 29–38.

[“Until the pips squeak”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 34.

[Lloyd George’s doubts about a punitive peace]:
see Shotwell,
op. cit.,
p. 22.

[Baron Sonnino]:
Harold Nicolson,
Peacemaking 1919
(Houghton Mifflin, 1933), p. 169.

[“Riot in a parrot house”]: ibid.,
pp. 152–53.

452
[Wilson and the League resolution]:
quoted in Seymour, pp. 290–91.

[House on Wilson’s negotiating skill]:
entry of February 7, 1919, in
ibid.,
p. 312.

[Wilson on the covenant]:
quoted in Jonathan Daniels,
The Time Between the Wars
(Doubleday, 1966), p. 17.

[Steel on Wilson’s presentation]:
Paris
Daily Mail,
February 15, 1919, quoted in Seymour, pp. 318–19.

453
[Experts as negotiators]:
Shotwell, pp. 153–98.

[“Whirlpool of political intrigue”]:
Eleanor Lansing Dulles,
Chances of a Lifetime
(Prentice-Hall, 1980), p. 66.

[Historian on American intervention in Russia]:
John W. Long, “American Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–19,”
Diplomatic History,
vol. 6, no. 1 (1982), pp. 45–67, quoted at p. 47; see also George F. Kennan,
The Decision to Intervene
(Princeton University Press, 1958), quoted at p. 471.

[Russia and Bullitt]:
Beatrice Farnsworth,
William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union
(Indiana University Press, 1967), ch. 2; Mayer, ch. 14; Walworth, ch. 12.

[
Wilson’s return to America]:
Denna F. Fleming,
The United States and the League of Nations, 1918–1920
(Putnam’s, 1932), ch. 5; Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study
(Dover Publications, 1964), pp. 232–39

454
[“International quilting society”]:
New York
Sun,
January 27, 1919, quoted in Fleming, p.118.

[League as “impudently un-American”]: Harvey’s Weekly,
February 22, 1919, quoted in
ibid,
p. 117.

[Wilson’s “fighting blood”]: ibid.,
p. 126.

[“Tea with the Mad Hatter”]: ibid.,
p. 134. For Wilson’s invitation to the meeting, see Joseph Tumulty to Lodge, February 15, 1919, Henry Cabot Lodge Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1919 Boxes (hereafter cited as Lodge Papers).

[Rogers on conference with Wilson]:
Rogers to Henry White, March 3, 1919, quoted in Allan
Nevins,
Henry White, Thirty Years of American Diplomacy
(Harper & Bros., 1930), pp. 392–93.

454
[Lodge comment]:
Lodge to Henry White, April 8, 1919. Henry White Papers, Box 53, in the Lodge Papers.

[Lodge and the League]:
see Henry Cabot Lodge,
The Senate and the League of Nations
(Scribner’s, 1925); John A. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1953). esp. pp. 349–56.

455
[Lodge on consideration, time, and thought]:
quoted in Garraty, p. 352.

[Senate Round Robin], ibid.,
p. 354.

[Sun
on demise of the League]:
March 4, 1919, quoted in Fleming, p. 159.

[Wilson and Republican League supporters]:
see Ruhl J. Bartlett,
The League to Enforce Peace
(University of North Carolina Press, 1944).

[Taft on the League]:
quoted in Fleming, p. 160.

[Wilson on ties between the Covenant and the treaty]:
quoted in George and George, p. 239.

[Baker’s fears about Wilson’s statement]:
Ray Stannard Baker,
American Chronicle
(Scribner’s, 1945), p. 392.

456
[Wilson’s illness]:
Edwin A. Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
(Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 336–43.