American Experiment (271 page)

486
[Harding on America as a business country]:
quoted in James Warren Prothro,
Dollar Decade
(Louisiana State University Press, 1954), p. 223.

487
[Coolidge on factories as temples]: ibid.,
p. 224.

[Hoover on banishing poverty]: ibid,
p. 225.

[Madison on majority rule]:
Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The Writings of James Madison
(Putnam’s, 1900–10), vol. 2, p. 366; Jacob E. Cooke, ed.,
The Federalist
(Wesleyan University Press, 1961), p. 351 (Federalist No. 51).

488
[Post-World War 1 Supreme Court]:
Charles Warren,
The Supreme Court in United States History
(Little, Brown, 1924), vol. 3; Alpheus Thomas Mason,
The Supreme Court from Taft toWarren
(W. W. Norton, 1964), ch. 2; William F. Swindler,
Court and Constitution in the 20
^th
Century: The Old Legality
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).

[Chief Justice White “holding” the chief justiceship for Taft]:
quoted in Henry F. Pringle,
The Life and Times of William Howard Taft
(Farrar & Rinehart, 1939), vol. 2, p. 955.

[Adair
case]: Adair
v.
U.S.,
208 U.S. 161 (1908), quoted at 178.

488–89
[State yellow-dog contract case]: Coppage
v.
Kansas,
236 U.S. 1 (1915).

489
[Child labor case]: Hammer
v.
Dagenhart,
247 U.S. 251 (1918), quoted at 281; Holmes dissent reprinted in Max Lerner, ed.,
The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes
(Little, Brown,1943), pp. 168–71, quoted at p. 171.

[Second child labor case]: Bailey
v.
Drexel Furniture Company,
259 U.S. 20 (1922).

[Adkins
case]: Adkins
v.
Children’s Hospital,
261 U.S. 525 (1923), quoted at 558.

[Lerner on Sutherland’s treatment of labor as a commodity]:
Lerner, p. 173.

490
[Taft “massing the court”]:
Mason, pp. 57–58.

[Taft’s Sunday afternoon “caucus”]:
Pringle, vol. 2, pp. 1043–44.

[Rail and coal strikes of 1922]:
Murray,
Politics of Normalcy,
pp. 80–81.

[Farmers and the Harding Administration]: ibid.,
pp. 50–52, 61–64.

[Harding and black rights]:
Murray,
The Harding Era,
pp. 397–403, Birmingham address quoted at p. 399; Richard Sherman, “The Harding Administration and the Negro: An Opportunity Lost,”
Journal of Negro History,
vol. 49, no. 3 (July 1964), pp. 151–68.

491
[Tax reductions]:
Murray,
Politics of Normalcy,
pp. 53–55, 57–58, Harding quoted on complexities of “this tax problem” at pp. 54–55.

[Harding scandals]:
Burl Noggle,
Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s
(Louisiana State University Press, 1962). Leonard Bates,
Origins of the Teapot Dome
(University of Illinois Press, 1963).

492
[Coolidge’s luck as to day he heard of Harding’s death]:
William Allen White,
A Puritan in Babylon
(Macmillan, 1938), p. 243.

[Republican foreign policy in the 1920s]:
L. Ethan Ellis,
Republican Foreign Policy, 1921–1933
(Rutgers University Press, 1968); Betty Glad,
Charles Evans Hughes and the Illusions of Innocence
(University of Illinois Press, 1966), part 3; Murray,
The Harding Era, op. cit.,
ch. 11; Joan Hoff Wilson,
American Business & Foreign Policy, 1920–1933
(University Press of Kentucky, 1971).

[Ellis on zigzag foreign policy]: Republican Foreign Policy,
p. 34.

[Confusion as to American intentions]:
Benjamin D. Rhodes, “British Diplomacy and the Silent Oracle of Vermont, 1923–1929,”
Vermont History,
vol. 50, no. 2 (1982), pp. 69–79.

[Editors on the mystery of Republican foreign policy]:
Thomas A. Bailey,
The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy
(Macmillan, 1948), p. 238.

[Harding’s Cabinet]:
see James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall. 1963), p. 149.

493
[Borah Resolution as “Model ‘
T’ ”]: John C. Vinson,
The Parchment Peace
(University of Georgia Press, 1955), p. 52.

[Business attitude towards arms control]:
Wilson, ch. 2. See also Vinson, p. 46, for cost figures on military spending.

[Catt on taking action]:
Gaddis Smith, “The First Freeze,”
New York Times Magazine,
April 24, 1983, pp. 110–11, 114, quoted at p. 111.

[Lodge on probable failure of naval talks]:
quoted in John A. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), p. 404.

[Washington Naval Conference]:
Thomas H. Buckley,
The United States and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922
(University of Tennessee Press, 1970); Glad, chs. 17–18; Smith; Vinson. (The conference met in Continental Hall, not Constitution Hall—see Buckley, p. 69.)

494
[Hughes’s speech and reaction to it]:
Buckley, ch. 5.

[Black Chamber breaks Japanese codes]:
James Bamford,
The Puzzle Palace
(Houghton Mifflin, 1982), pp. 9–10.

[Hughes on linking political and arms negotiations]:
quoted in Glad, p. 280.

495
[Immigration Act of 1924 ]:
Ellis, pp. 14–19.

[Arms talks in Geneva and London]: ibid.,
ch. 5.

[The Senate and the World Court]:
Thomas A. Bailey,
A Diplomatic History of the American People,
9th ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp. 629–31.

495–96
[Kellogg-Briand Pact]:
L. Ethan Ellis,
Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925–1929
(Rutgers University Press, 1961), ch. 7.

496
[Kellogg-Briand as an “international kiss”]:
James Reed, quoted in Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1980), p. 254.

[Republican economic policy abroad]:
Melvyn P. Leffler, “Herbert Hoover, the ‘New Era,’and American Foreign Policy,” in Ellis W. Hawley, ed.,
Herbert Hoover as Secretary of Commerce: Studies in New Era Thought and Practice
(University of Iowa Press, 1981), pp.148–79, quoted at p. 150.

[Reparations and war debts]:
Soule,
op. cit.,
ch. 12; Wilson, chs. 4–5. See also table in Bailey,
Diplomatic History,
p. 657; Joseph Young Case and Everett Needham Case,
Owen D. Young and American Enterprise
(David R. Godine, 1982).

496–97
[Mellon on rescheduling debts]:
quoted in Wilson, p. 126.

497
[Coolidge on war debts]:
Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell,
The Talkative President
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1964), p. 176.

[Financial “merry-go-round”]:
Bailey,
Diplomatic History,
p. 664.

[U.S. trade and investment in Latin America]:
Wilson, pp. 169, 199–200.

498
[American presence in China]:
Robert M. Leventhal, “China Marine,”
Marine Corps Gazette,
vol. 56, no. 11 (1972), pp. 36–44.

[Relations with Latin America]:
Ellis,
Republican Foreign Policy,
chs. 7–8.

[Morrow in Mexico]: ibid.,
pp. 245, 252.

499
[Smoot-Hawley tariff]:
Ray Lyman Wilbur,
The Hoover Policies
(Scribner’s, 1937), pp. 181–92; Wilson, pp. 93–98; see also Elmer E. Schattschneider,
Politics, Pressures and the Tariff
(Prentice-Hall, 1935).

[Hoover on international trade]:
quoted in Leffler, p. 152.

[Hoover on Smoot-Hawley]:
quoted in Wilson, p. 98.

[Republican party “compact majority”]:
Randall B. Ripley,
Majority Party Leadership in Congress
(Little, Brown, 1969), ch. 4.

[Rise of the “loyal opposition party
]: James MacGregorBurns,
The Vineyard of Liberty
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), chs. 4–5.

499–500
[Political developments during the 1920s]:
Jonathan Daniels,
The Time Between the Wars
(Doubleday, 1966), esp. chs. 6–13; Karl Schriftgiesser,
This Was Normalcy
(Little, Brown, 1948).

500
[1924 Democratic convention]:
David Burner,
The Politics of Provincialism
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), pp. 114–28, McAdoo quoted at p. 114; keynote speaker, Sen. Pat Harrison, quoted at p. 116.

[Burner on 1924 Democratic ticket as “schizoid”]: ibid.,
p. 125.

[Progressive party, 1924 ]:
Kenneth Campbell MacKay,
The Progressive Movement of 1924
(Columbia University Press, 1947); Belle Case La Follette and Fola La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
(Macmillan, 1953), vol. 2, chs. 69–71.

501
[Wheeler on Democratic party]:
Burton Wheeler and Paul F. Healey,
Yankee from the West
(Doubleday, 1962), p. 249.

[Left-wing parties and the Progressives]:
James Weinstein,
The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912–1925
(Monthly Review Press, 1967), chs. 7–8; David A. Shannon,
The Socialist Party of America
(Macmillan, 1955), ch. 7.

[1924 election]:
David Burner, “Election of 1924,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 3, pp. 2459–2581; J. Leonard Bates, “The Teapot Dome Scandal and the Election of 1924,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 2 (January 1955), pp. 303–22; Svend Petersen,
A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections
(Frederick Ungar, 1963), pp. 86–88.

[1924 election results]:
Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 2581.

502
[Roosevelt, Smith, and the future of the Democratic party]:
Burner,
Politics of Provincialism,
ch.5; Alfred Rollins, Jr.,
Roosevelt and Howe
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1962); Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal
(Little, Brown, 1954), pp. 201–2; Ruth C. Silva,
Rum, Religion and Votes: 1928 Re-examined
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962).

[Al Smith]:
Oscar Handlin
, Al Smith and His America
(Little, Brown, 1958); Leuchtenburg,
op. cit,
pp. 230–32.

[1928 election]:
Handlin, ch. 6; Leuchtenburg, ch. 12; Lawrence H. Fuchs, “Election of 1928,” in Schlesinger, vol. 3, pp. 2585–2704 (the Marshall-Smith exchange from the
Atlantic
is reprinted in this volume, pp. 2649–60); Silva; Earland J. Carlson, “Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Post-Mortem of 1928 Election,”
Midwest Journal of Political Science,
vol. 8, no. 3 (August 1964), pp. 298–308; see also Allan J. Lichtman,
Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928
(University of North Carolina Press, 1979).

503
[Al Smith’s refusal to be other than Al Smith]:
Handlin, p. 130.

[Smith’s refusal to “shut the door” in immigrants’ faces]:
quoted in Steel,
op. cit.,
p. 248.

[Election results, 1028]:
Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 2704.

[Smith on his loss]:
quoted in Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
(Viking Press, 1946), p. 46.

[1928 election as refection of politics in the 1920s]:
Allan J. Lichtman, “Critical Election Theory and the Reality of American Presidential Politics, 1916–40,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 81, no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 317–48.

504
[Civil liberties cases, wartime and postwar]:
Zechariah Chaffee, Jr.,
Free Speech in the United States
(Harvard University Press, 1941). chs. 2–4.

[Oliver Wendell Holmes’s opinions and dissents]:
Lerner,
op. cit.,
part 2. See generally, Paul L. Murphy,
The Meaning of Freedom of Speech
(Greenwood Press, 1972), esp. chs. 3–10.

504
[Holmes’s opinion in
Schenck]:
Schenck
v.
United States,
249 U.S. 47 (1919), quoted at 52; Lerner, pp. 294–97, quoted at pp. 296–97.

[Holmes to Pollock on Debs case]:
letters of April 5 and 27, 1919, in Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed.,
Holmes-Pollock Letters
(Harvard University Press, 1941), vol. 2, pp. 7, 11.

[Holmes’s opinion in Debs case]: Debs
v.
United States,
249 U.S. 211 (1919); Lerner, pp. 300–4.

[Abrams]: Abrams
v.
United States,
250 U.S. 616 (1919), quoted at 628, 630; Lerner, pp. 307–13, quoted at pp. 310, 312.

505
[Red scare of 1919–20]:
Robert K. Murray,
Red Scare, 1919–1920
(University of Minnesota Press, 1955); Stanley Coben, “A Study in Nativism: The American Red Scare of 1919–1920,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 79, no. 1 (March 1964), pp. 52–75; Paul L. Murphy,”Normalcy, Intolerance, and American Character,”
Virginia Quarterly Review,
vol. 40 (Summer 1964), pp. 445–59; Leuchtenburg, ch. 4.

[Demands of Sunday, McKellar, and Byrnes for action against radicals]:
Leuchtenburg, p. 66.

[Gitlow]: Gitlow
v.
New York,
268 U.S. 652 (1925), quoted at 673; Lerner, pp. 324–25.

506
[Schwimmer]: United States
v.
Schwimmer,
279 U.S. 644 (1928), quoted at 655; Lerner, pp.326–28, quoted at p. 328.

[Holmes and his correspondents]:
Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed.,
Halmes-Laski Letters
(Harvard University Press, 1953), vol. 2; Howe,
Holmes-Pollock Letters.

[Brandeis-Frankfurter relationship]:
Bruce Allen Murphy,
The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection
(Oxford University Press, 1982), esp. ch. 3; Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy, eds.,
Letters of Louis Brandeis
(State University of New York Press, 1971–78), vols. 2–5,
passim;
Philippa Strum,
Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People
(Harvard University Press, 1984),
passim.