America's Great Game (63 page)

Authors: Hugh Wilford

BOOK: America's Great Game

8.21Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

16
. Eveland, “Outlines,” 714; Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 246.

17
. “In from the Cold: A Former Master Spy Spins Intriguing Yarns of His Past Intrigues,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 19, 1979, 1, 41; see also “Hearing-Impaired Activist and Spy Rocky Stone Dies,”
Washington Post
, August 24, 2004, B6.

18
. Eveland, “Outlines,” 275, 306; “Statement by Captain Abdullah ash-Shaykh Atiyyah of the Armored Battalion on the American Conspiracy in Syria,” 14.11, ABRP.

19
. Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 254; “Statement by Captain Atiyyah.”

20
. See Rathmell,
Secret War
, 139; Yaqub,
Containing Arab Nationalism
, 154–155; David W. Lesch,
Syria and the United States: Eisenhower’s Cold War in the Middle East
(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992), 119.

21
. See “In from Cold,” 41; Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 254; Amman to London, August 26, 1957, FO 371/128245, PRO; Tim Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
(New York: Doubleday, 2007), 139.

22
. Quoted in Yaqub,
Containing Arab Nationalism
, 169.

23
. John S. D. Eisenhower, Memorandum of Conference with the President, August 21, 1957, 48, Syria (3), International Series, AWF, DDEL; Minutes of Meeting in Room 5100, August 21, 1957, 1, Lot 66D123, Executive Secretariat, Records Relating to Project GAMMA, 1957–58, RG 59, NA; Memorandum of a Conversation with the President, September 7, 1957,
FRUS 1955–57, Vol. 13
, 687–688.

24
. Harold Macmillan to John Foster Dulles, no date [late August/early September, 1957], 48, Syria (2), International Series, AWF, DDEL; Caccia to FO, September 14, 1957, PREM 11/2329, PRO.

25
. Memorandum of Conversation, Joint U.S.-U.K. Working Group Report on Syria, September 21, 1957, 11, S/Miss Bernau, Subject Series, JFDP, DDEL. For further detail on the Working Group report, see Matthew Jones, “The ‘Preferred Plan’: The Anglo-American Working Group Report on Covert Action in Syria, 1957,”
Intelligence and National Security
19, no. 3 (2004): 401–415.

26
. Caccia and Macmillan quoted in Pearson,
In the Name of Oil
, 136.

27
. Stephen Blackwell,
British Military Intervention and the Struggle for Jordan: King Hussein, Nasser, and the Middle East Crisis, 1955–1958
(New York: Routledge, 2009), 86. For more on subsequent Anglo-American working groups, see Matthew Jones, “Anglo-American Relations after Suez, the Rise and Decline of the Working Group Experiment, and the French Challenge to NATO, 1957–59,”
Diplomacy and Statecraft
14, no. 1 (2003): 49–79.

Twenty: Game Over

1
. Polly Roosevelt to family members, January 28, 1955, 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), undated, 1950–59, KRBRP.

2
. Ibid.; Notification of Personnel Action, August 20, 1956, CO5654040, CIA FOIA; Polly to Belle Roosevelt, July 4, 1955, 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), undated, 1950–59, KRBRP.

3
. Polly to Belle Roosevelt, January 3, 1950, 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), undated, 1950–59, KRBRP; Roosevelt,
Keeper of the Gate
, 162; Selwa Roosevelt interview by Kennedy.

4
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 434.

5
. KR interview by R. Harris Smith.

6
. Caccia to FO, September 25, 1957, PREM 11/2521, PRO; Lloyd to Macmillan, October 15, 1957, PREM 11/2521, PRO; Caccia to FO, November 9, 1957, PREM 11/2521, PRO.

7
. Caccia to FO, October 21, 1957, PREM 11/2521, PRO; Memorandum for Executive Officer, “Background on Draft Near East Progress Report (NSC 5428) dated December 14, 1956,” December 18, 1956, 78, 091.4 Near East (File #4) (4), OCB Central Files Series, White House Office, NSC Staff: Papers, 1948–61, DDEL.

8
. Dulles quoted in Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 309. On the “Connection,” see especially Andrew Cockburn and Leslie Cockburn,
Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli Covert Relationship
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), chap. 5.

9
. Yaqub,
Containing Arab Nationalism
, 178; Charles W. Yost, interview by Thomas Soapes, September 13, 1978, 26, Oral History Project, DDEL; Lakeland interview; Harrison Symmes, interview by Charles Stuart Kennedy, February 25, 1989, FAOHP.

10
. Senator Richard B. Russell quoted in
The President’s Proposal on the Middle East: Hearings, Eighty-Fifth Congress, First Session
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1957), 709, 706; Bruce-Lovett Report quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 475.

11
. MC,
Game of Nations
, 182; MC,
Game Player
, 195; Nasser quoted in MC,
Game of Nations
, 183; MC,
Game Player
, 205.

12
. Lorraine Copeland e-mail, November 29, 2010; MC,
Game Player
, 209–211.

13
. MC,
Game Player
, 209; Polly to Belle Roosevelt, September 12, 1957, 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), undated, 1950–59, KRBRP. Copeland was probably referring to the disastrous Project Haik. See John Prados,
Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 166–180.

14
. Polly to Belle Roosevelt, January 10, no year [1958], 143, Roosevelt, Mary Gaddis (Polly), undated, 1950–59, KRBRP; Benjamin Welles, “Serving Oil, Arabs, and the CIA,”
New Republic
, July 26, 1975, 11.

15
. MC to Anderson, September 5, 1964, 282, Con-Cop (4), Robert B. Anderson Papers, DDEL; Welles, “Serving Oil, Arabs, and the CIA,” 11; Report of Awards Board, December 19, 1957, CO5654063, CIA FOIA.

16
. Quoted in Roosevelt,
Keeper of the Gate
, 164.

17
. Eveland, “Outlines,” 762.

18
. Eveland to John Foster Dulles, “Recent Developments with Respect to the Syrian Situation,” January 28, 1958, declassified CIA document, WCEP; C. Tracy Barnes to Patrick Dean, March 21, 1958, FO 371/133799, PRO. See Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 273.

19
. Nasser quoted in Raymond Hare to John Foster Dulles, June 18, 1958, 7, 320 UAR/US Relations, Egypt Classified General Records, RG 84, NA; Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 280; O’Connell,
King’s Counsel
, chap. 1. For more on Miles’s peace mission to Cairo, see MC,
Game of Nations
, 199–201. This is another case of Copeland’s later claims being borne out by contemporary documentation.

20
. Baghdad Embassy to State, “July 14 Coup, and Staff Conduct,” August 2, 1958, 49, 350 Iraqi Coup, July 1958, U.S. Embassy and Legation, Baghdad, Classified General Records, 1936–61, RG 84, NA; Tully,
CIA
, 78–79; Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 291.

21
. See Pearson,
In the Name of Oil
, chap. 6; Eveland,
Ropes of Sand
, 282–283.

22
. Eddy to Robert McClintock, June 25, 1958, 1, Lebanon Crisis, May 1958, Lot 59D600, Records of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Lebanon Crisis Files, 1958, RG 59, NA; “For Under Secretary and Secretary through Henderson from Harold Hoskins,” July 17, 1958, 5.38, Hoskins Papers; Eddy to John Noble, June 30, 1958, 1, Lebanon Crisis, May 1958, Lot 59D600, RG 59, NA.

23
. Eddy to Children, July 20, 1958, 6.7, WAEP.

Twenty-One: Epilogue

1
. See Roland Popp, “Accommodating to a Working Relationship: Arab Nationalism and US Cold War Policies in the Middle East, 1958–60,”
Cold War History
10, no. 3 (2010): 397–427. On Iraq, see Kenneth Osgood, “Eisenhower and Regime Change in Iraq: The United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958,” in
America and Iraq: Policy-Making, Intervention and Regional Politics
, ed. David Ryan and Patrick Kiely (New York: Routledge, 2009), 4–35.

2
. Nasser quoted in Oren,
Power, Faith, and Fantasy
, 523.

3
. Berger,
Memoirs of an Anti-Zionist Jew
, 92; AFME/Headquarters to AFME/Board of Directors, August 12, 1963, 59.5, JNP; “Heard on the Propaganda Front,”
Near East Report
, September 8, 1964, 76; Rodger P. Davies to Mr. Twinam, January 27, 1972, 3, Persian Gulf, 1972, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary, Subject Files of Rodger P. Davies, 1967–74, RG 59, NA (my thanks to Roland Popp for drawing my attention to this document); Parker interview. For more on the Fulbright hearings, see Randall Bennett Woods,
Fulbright: A Biography
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 309–311.

4
. “5 New Groups Tied to CIA Conduits,”
New York Times
, February 17, 1967, 1; “Whitney Trust Got Aid,”
New York Times
, February 25, 1967, 10; “Halt Asked for CIA Millions for Friends of Middle East,”
National Jewish Post and Opinion
, March 31, 1967; Parker interview.

5
. Orin. D. Parker, “Interesting Times . . . and Places . . . and People: Comments on My Life Experiences,” unpublished memoir, 238; Director of Programs to Board of Directors, June 26, 1967, 60.2, JNP; “News about AFME,” Special Issue No. 1, 1967, 60.2, JNP. AFME was later reconstituted as AMIDEAST, a genuine nongovernment organization specializing mainly in student exchanges between the United States and the Middle East.

6
. Thomas V. Jones to Raymond Crim, August 23, 1974, 4, Iran/Roosevelt/Northrop, Jonathan Kwitny Collection, National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Welles, “Serving Oil, Arabs, and the CIA,” 10.

7
. KR interview by Love; “Roosevelt / on Copeland,” May 5, 1970, 5, Roosevelt, Kermit, Love Papers; Court Minister Asadollah Alam quoted in Bayandor,
Iran and the CIA
, 178n14; Powers, “A Book Held Hostage”; Herbert Mitgang, “Publisher ‘Correcting’ Book on CIA Involvement in Iran,”
New York Times
, November 10, 1979, 13; Richard W. Cottam, review of
Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran
, by Kermit Roosevelt,
Iranian Studies
14, nos. 3/4 (1981): 269; KR,
Countercoup
, ix.

8
. KR quoted in Gwen Kinkead, “Kermit Roosevelt: Brief Life of a Harvard Conspirator, 1916–2000,”
Harvard Magazine
, Jan.–Feb. 2011,
http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/01/kermit;-roosevelt?page=0,1
.

9
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 474; Collier,
The Roosevelts
, 474.

10
. Lorraine Copeland, e-mail to author, December 7, 2010; Helms quoted by confidential source; “Miles Copeland, RIP,”
National Review
, February 11, 1991, 18; MC,
Game Player
, chap.
23. Miles Copeland III remembers the family receiving frequent calls from friends seeking clarification of the Game of Nations’ extremely complicated rules (Miles Copeland III interview).

11
. See, for example, Kim Philby to Bill Eveland, received July 13, 1978 (mailed June 27), 5, FBI FOIA, WCEP (“Come the English Revolution, I wouldn’t mind a
dacha
in the Cotswolds,” Philby told Eveland); 3, CIA FOIA, and 5, FBI FOIA, WCEP; Mary Barrett, “A Respectful Dissenter: CIA’s Wilbur Crane Eveland,”
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
(March 1990): 28.

12
. Efforts by Kim Roosevelt’s fellow quiet American Edward Lansdale to interest the US public in the Cold War fate of the Far East, especially Vietnam, were much more successful. Kim seems to have lacked Lansdale’s exceptional talent for manipulating the US media. See Wilford,
The Mighty Wurlitzer
, chap. 8.

Index

‘Abdullah I (king of Jordan),
80
,
208
,
213
,
214

‘Abdullah, Radi,
267
,
270

Abu Nuwar, ‘Ali,
265–266
,
267

Aburish, Abu Saïd,
267

Aburish, Saïd K.,
267

Acheson, Dean,
32
,
33
,
87
,
93
,
114
,
115
,
135
,
136
,
137
,
144
,
288