Amerithrax (69 page)
“Proof of ‘Person of Interest.’”
USA Today,
September 19, 2002.
“Anthrax Probe Raises Doubts on FBI.”
Boston Globe,
Sep- tember 23, 2002.
“U.S. Sent Iraq Germs in Mid-’80s.”
Buffalo News,
Septem- ber 23, 2002.
“Other Antibiotics Work against Anthrax.” UPI, September 27, 2002.
“St. Louis Native Labeled ‘Person of Interest’ in Anthrax Case Fights to Clear His Name.”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
September 29, 2002.
“Anthrax Case Remains Frustrating.”
USA Today,
Septem- ber 30, 2002.
“Pat Clawson, Hatfill’s PR Guru, Profiled as an ‘FBI Infor- mant.’”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
September 30, 2002.
Background information on anthrax. Centers for Disease Control, October 2002.
“First Case of Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida, 2001.” Centers for Disease Control, October 2002.
“For Decades, Mailing Germs Was Routine.”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
October 2, 2002.
“Alibek Doubts FBI Claims on Hatfill.” NewsMax.com, Oc- tober 3, 2002.
“2 US Firms Banned from Selling Anti-Anthrax Sprays.” Reuters, October 3, 2002.
“U.S. Officials Agonize over Anthrax Decisions.” Reuters, October 4, 2002.
“1 Year Later, Yet No Anthrax Culprit Found.”
South Flor- ida Sun-Sentinel,
October 5, 2002.
“Fired Researcher in U.S. Anthrax Probe Plans to Sue.” Reuters, October 6, 2002.
“The Anthrax Crisis.”
Newsday,
October 8, 2002.
“Former Army Scientist Forged Ph.D. Certificate.”
Balti- more Sun,
October 9, 2002.
“An Anthrax Widow May Sue U.S.”
Hartford Courant,
Oc- tober 9, 2002.
“Postal Security Is Hardly First Class.”
Business Week On- line,
October 18, 2001.
“Truckload of Anthrax-Related Waste Coming to Norfolk.”
Virginian-Pilot,
October 19, 2002.
“U.S. Postal Service Removes Some Blue Letter-collections Boxes.”
Washington Post,
November 11, 2002.
“Anthrax Case.” December 17, 2002. Steven Mitchell, UPI. “Anthrax Easy to Make. U.S. Scientists Concoct Similar Compound in Search for Clues.”
Baltimore Sun,
April
11, 2003.
“FBI to Drain Pond for Clues in Anthrax Case.”
Washington Post,
May 11, 2003.
“Pond May Hold Evidence in Anthrax Attacks. Associated Press, May 12, 2003.
“Anthrax Hunters Drain Pond.”
Washington Post,
June 10, 2003.
“FBI Looks for Clues to Anthrax.” Associated Press, June 10, 2003.
“Anthrax Suggests Government Expertise.” ABC, October 16, 2001.
“911 Call from Postal Worker.” Transcript released to CNN on November 7, 2001.
“Doctor May Be Missing Anthrax Link.” ABC, November 12, 2001.
“Evidence Suggests Al Qaeda Pursuit of Biological, Chem- ical Weapons.” CNN, November 14, 2001.
“U.S. Scientist Is Questioned.” ABC, December 20, 2001. “FBI: Letter in Daschle’s Office a Hoax.” CNN, January 3,
2002.
“FBI Giving Polygraph Tests in Anthrax Probe.” CNN, April 5, 2002.
“Official: Unusual Coating in Anthrax Mailing.” CNN, April 11, 2002.
“Face to Face with a Terrorist, Face to Face with Atta.” ABC, June 6, 2002.
“Heat on Scientist in Anthrax Probe.” CBS, August 1, 2002. “Anthrax Probe Figure Claims Innocence, Protests Gov’t
‘Innuendo.’” ABC, August 11, 2002.
“Scientist Responds to Anthrax Allegations.” ABC, August 11, 2002.
“Scientist Wants Leaks Investigated.” CBS, August 12, 2002.
“Aaron Brown Interviews Hatfill’s Spokesman Pat Claw- son.” CNN, August 14, 2002.
“Transcript of Dr. Steven J. Hatfill’s Second Statement.” CNN, August 25, 2002.
“Justice Dept. Wanted Hatfill off Its LSU Programs.” CNN, September 4, 2002.
POSTAL DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS
USPS Letters to Managers, Internal Post Office Memos, Na- tional Association of Letter Carriers Union Correspon- dence, Employee Work Sheets and USPS Updates to Its Managers and Workers.
“Decision Trees, Administrative Issues and Other Guidance on Safety.”
USPNEWS Talk
for Postal Supervisors and Postmasters. Seven page document, October 18, 2001.
National Association of Letter Carriers letter to its members from Dale P. Hart, National Business Agent, San Fran- cisco Region, October 19, 2001.
“A Message on Security from the Chief Postal Inspector.”
Update
Postal News Letter/Pacific Area Pacific Area, Oc- tober 2001.
Letter from the Office of Chief Operating Officer and Ex- ecutive Vice President, USPS Patrick R. Donahoe on Procedure to Vice Presidents, Area Operations Manager, Capital Metro Operations, October 24, 2001.
Patrick R. Donahoe letter to district and senior plant man- agers, October 24, 2001.
“Internal Custodial Cleaning Procedures.” J. Gerard Bohan, Manager, Maintenance Policies & Programs, Engineer- ing, October 26, 2001.
“Increase Awareness of Possibility of Harmful Biological Agents at Collection and Retail Acceptance Points.” USPS Latest Facts
Update
. October 29, 2001.
Testimony before the House Government Reform Commit- tee on the Anthrax Situation, October 30, 2001.
Vince Sombrotto Testimony before the Senate Govern- mental Affairs Committee on the Anthrax Crisis, October 30, 2001.
“Advice to Postal Workers on How to Recognize the Signs and Signals of Stress.” USPS Employee Assistance Pro- gram. October 2001.
“How to Discuss Anthrax with Your Children.” E.A.P. Ad- vice to Letter Carriers, October 2001.
“Anthrax.”
USPNEWS Talk
. November 1, 2001.
“Tests Show No Evidence of Anthrax at San Francisco Postal Facilities.”
Localuspsnewsbreak
, November 6, 2001.
“Anthrax.”
Postal Record
. November 9, 2001.
“Anthrax Editorial.” National Association of Letter Carriers, December 2001.
“Anthrax.”
Postal Record
, Vol. 114/No. 12. National As- sociation of Letter Carriers, December 2001.
“Carriers Face Down Fear.”
Postal Record
, Vol. 114/No.
12. National Association of Letter Carriers, December 2001.
“Postal Inspectors and Anthrax.”
Update. DIRECT News- line
, February 6, 2002.
ABC letters, 56, 60, 69, 71, 72
Aberdeen Proving Ground, 432 Abrams, Steven, 425
Adams, Dwight, 426–27
Adams, Nancy, 42
Additive (new) in Daschle sample, 117, 156, 162
Advice for suspect mail, 210–11, 290
“Aerosolizable” anthrax, 122, 284–
85
Afghanistan origin of anthrax, 49 Agwunobi, John, 19
Air handling system spreading anthrax
American Media Incorporated (AMI), 6, 7, 26–27, 30, 31,
425, 440
political targets, 113–14
U.S. Postal Service (USPS), 217 Akers, Roger, 373
al-Ani, Ahmad Khalil Ibrahim Samir, 47
Alexander, Kent B., 377 Algeria and bioweapons, 142 Alghamdi, Ahmed, 48
Alghamdi, Hamza (9-11 hijacker), 41
Al Hakam, 148–49, 154, 162, 201
Alhaznawi, Ahmed Ilbrahim (9-11 hijacker), 41–43, 50
Alibek, Ken
anthrax (powerful) developed by, 335–37
antibiotic-resistant strain of anthrax used by terrorists, 163
grade of anthrax in Daschle letter, 156–57
homegrown anthrax in letters, 261
Marburg virus, 88
milling absent from anthrax in letters, 143
sorting machines, acting as mills, 108
Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak, 181–82, 199
al-Naggar, Ahmad Ibrahim, 49
Al Qaeda and bioweapons, 49–50,
142.
See also
Hijackers of 9- 11 as suspects
al-Shehhi, Marwan (9-11 hijacker), 39, 40, 41, 48
Alter, Jonathan, 66–67 American Media Incorporated
(AMI), 5–16, 23–38
air handling system spreading of anthrax, 6, 7, 26–27, 30, 31,
425, 440
“anti-snoop pledge” from FBI, 426
ciprofloxacin therapy, 31–32, 36–
37, 424
contamination, 6–7, 27, 35–36,
37–38, 205
(cont.)
copying machines infected with anthrax, 7
FBI return to, 424–29, 439–41 hijackers of 9-11 connection to,
38
Jennifer Lopez letter, 6–8, 11,
425, 428–29, 443
mail as delivery vehicle for anthrax, 36
testing for anthrax, 31–32, 33 American Postal Workers Union,
246, 347
American Society of Microbiology, 294, 302, 306
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 76, 147, 148, 162,
267, 327
Americans, bioweapon tests conducted on, 280–86
Amerithrax.
See also
American Media Incorporated (AMI); Anthrax; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); Hatfill, Steven J.; Letters from Amerithrax; Media targets; Political targets; U.S. Postal Service
anthrax supply depleted, 442 antibiotics for safety, 229 bioweapons, alerting nation to
dangers, 326
“Case of the Patriotic Murders,” 442
clean room needed, 294–95 direct-mail business crippled by,
204, 218
education of, 228
envelopes, filling with anthrax, 99, 100–101
glove box used by, 99, 101 inoculated against anthrax, 101,
229
investor in Bayer stock, 209 Kathy T. Nguyen and, 178 lab or lab access of, 98, 100,
229, 272, 309
mail safety improved by, 435 motives of, 56, 174, 272, 320,
341, 441–42
naming of, 53
pre-offense behavior, 230–31
profile of, 226–29, 230–33, 261 refinement of anthrax by, 99,
114, 116–17, 212, 229, 292
science loner with grudge against society, 226–28, 232–
33
“Study of the Vulnerability of Subway Passengers in New York City to Covert Action with Biological Agents” (Institute), knowledge of, 176
theories on, 142
Unabomber (Ted Kaczynski) parallels, 227, 228, 231, 257–
58
“un-terrorist-like” actions of, 163 weaponizing of anthrax by, 229–
30, 312
Ames strain of anthrax, 273–80.
See also
Anthrax age of, 262
blood from animal, spores in, 275
cow as origin of, 273–75, 296 death in animals, 274–75 destruction of collection at Iowa
State University, 201 domestic suspect because of,
163
durability of spores, 274, 275,
279, 284–85
infection from, 276
Institute and, 277–78, 280 Iowa State University, 277 Iraq anthrax strains vs., 161
letters, Ames strain in all, 117, 163, 201
Louisiana State University, 279 oldest known diseases of
mankind, 276
origins of, 273–76
Porton Down Centre, 278–80 pX01/pX02 virulence plasmids,
279, 300
research using, 277
“Analysis of the Anthrax Attacks” (Rosenberg), 308
Ani, Ahmad Khalil Ibrahim Samir al-, 47
Animals, carriers of anthrax, 24– 25, 26, 276
Anthrax, 16–23.
See also
American Media Incorporated (AMI); Amerithrax; Ames strain of anthrax; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); Hatfill,
Steven J.; Hijackers of 9-11 as suspects; Institute; Letters from Amerithrax; Media targets; Medical community; Political targets; Symptoms;
U.S. government; U.S. Postal Service; Vaccine
“aerosolizable,” 122, 284 animals as carriers of, 24–25,
26, 276
antibiotic-resistant, 163, 336,
341
antibiotic therapy for, 15, 17, 18,
20, 61, 62, 286–87
antidote to, 433
baby powder, anthrax cut with, 64
bacteria germination and spreading, 9–10, 17
beads (airborne spores of a microbe), 8, 9, 22
Cardinal’s Cap, 23, 193
cell-free filtrate vaccine, 152
contagious, 19, 24, 30 cost of cleanup, 352
culturing process, 86, 185, 186
cutaneous anthrax, 21, 26, 33,
41–43, 62, 80, 81
durability of spores, 274, 275–
76, 279, 285, 334
elderly and, 245
epidemic of inhalation anthrax (1957), 25
history of, 143–44
infection, timing of, 19–21, 22
inhalation anthrax, 18, 24, 25
intestinal anthrax, 25–26
killing anthrax, options, 214–15 lethal dose of, 28, 86, 214, 245
life cycle of, 175, 273–76 Lysin-killer of (bacteriophage),
432–33
mathematical model of anthrax contamination, 245
milling, 108, 143, 292
natural source of, 11–12, 19, 24,
25, 27
poisons secreted by, 10–11, 15 powder as preparation, 37 rarity of, 16, 19, 24
reactions to vaccine, 154, 322–
23
rod-shaped bacteria, 9–10, 15
“slurry” form, 155 smell (lack of), 65
Strain 836, 185, 186, 200, 333,
334, 335–36