Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? (40 page)

NOTES

PROLOGUE

1
Charles Darwin (1972 [orig. 1871]), p. 105.

2
Ernst Mayr (1982), p. 97.

3
Richard Byrne (1995), Jacques Vauclair (1996), Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997), James Gould and Carol Grant Gould (1999), Marc Bekoff et al. (2002), Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds (2006), John Pearce (2008), Sara Shettleworth (2012), and Clive Wynne and Monique Udell (2013).

CHAPTER 1: MAGIC WELLS

1
Werner Heisenberg (1958), p. 26.

2
Jakob von Uexküll (1957 [orig. 1934]), p. 76. See also Jakob von Uexküll (1909).

3
Thomas Nagel (1974).

4
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1958 [orig. 1953]), p. 225.

5
Martin Lindauer (1987), p 6, quoting Karl von Frisch.

6
Donald Griffin (2001).

7
Ronald Lanner (1996).

8
Niko Tinbergen, (1953), Eugène Marais (1969), Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1992), Alexandra Horowitz (2010), and E. O. Wilson (2010).

9
Benjamin Beck (1967).

10
Preston Foerder et al. (2011).

11
Daniel Povinelli (1989).

12
Joshua Plotnik et al. (2006).

13
Lisa Parr and Frans de Waal (1999).

14
Doris Tsao et al. (2008).

15
Konrad Lorenz (1981), p. 38.

16
Edward Thorndike (1898) inspired Edwin Guthrie and George Horton (1946).

17
Bruce Moore and Susan Stuttard (1979).

18
Edward Wasserman (1993).

19
Donald Griffin (1976).

20
Victor Stenger (1999).

21
Jan van Hooff (1972), Marina Davila Ross et al. (2009).

22
Frans de Waal (1999).

23
Gordon Burghardt (1991).

24
Frans de Waal (2000), Nicola Koyama (2001), Mathias Osvath and Helena Osvath (2008).

25
William Hodos and C. B. G. Campbell (1969).

26
“Pigeon, rat, monkey, which is which? It doesn’t matter.” B. F. Skinner (1956), p. 230.

27
Konrad Lorenz (1941).

CHAPTER 2: A TALE OF TWO SCHOOLS

1
Esther Cullen (1957).

2
Bonnie Perdue et al. (2011), Steven Gaulin and Randall Fitzgerald (1989).

3
Bruce Moore (1973), Michael Domjan and Bennett Galef (1983).

4
Sara Shettleworth (1993), Bruce Moore (2004).

5
Louise Buckley et al. (2011).

6
Harry Harlow (1953), p. 31.

7
Donald Dewsbury (2006), p. 226.

8
John Falk (1958).

9
Keller Breland and Marian Breland (1961).

10
B. F. Skinner (1969), p. 40.

11
William Thorpe (1979).

12
Richard Burkhardt (2005).

13
Desmond Morris (2010), p. 51.

14
Anne Burrows et al. (2006).

15
George Romanes (1882), George Romanes (1884).

16
C. Lloyd Morgan (1894), pp. 53–54.

17
Roger Thomas (1998), Elliott Sober (1998).

18
C. Lloyd Morgan (1903).

19
Frans de Waal (1999).

20
René Röell (1996).

21
Niko Tinbergen (1963).

22
Oskar Pfungst (1911).

23
Douglas Candland (1993).

24
“The Remarkable Orlov Trotter,” Black River Orlovs, www.infohorse.com/ShowAd.asp?id=3693.

25
Juliane Kaminski et al. (2004).

26
Gordon Gallup (1970).

27
Robert Epstein et al. (1981).

28
Roger Thompson and Cynthia Contie (1994), but see Emiko Uchino and Shigeru Watanabe (2014).

29
Celia Heyes (1995).

30
Daniel Povinelli et al. (1997).

31
Jeremy Kagan (2000), Frans de Waal (2009a).

32
Kinji Imanishi (1952), Junichiro Itani and Akisato Nishimura (1973).

33
Bennett Galef (1990).

34
Frans de Waal (2001).

35
Satoshi Hirata et al. (2001).

36
David Premack and Ann Premack (1994).

37
Josep Call (2004), Juliane Bräuer et al. (2006)

38
Josep Call (2006).

39
Daniel Lehrman (1953).

40
Richard Burkhardt (2005), p. 390.

41
Ibid., p. 370; Hans Kruuk (2003).

42
Frank Beach (1950).

43
Donald Dewsbury (2000).

44
John Garcia et al. (1955).

45
Shettleworth (2010).

46
Hans Kummer et al. (1990).

47
Frans de Waal (2003b).

48
Hans Kruuk (2003), p. 157.

49
Niko Tinbergen and Walter Kruyt (1938).

50
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

CHAPTER 3: COGNITIVE RIPPLES

1
Wolfgang Köhler (1925). The German original,
Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden
, appeared in 1917.

2
Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 120.

3
Robert Epstein (1987).

4
Emil Menzel (1972). Menzel was interviewed by the author in 2001.

5
Jane Goodall (1986), p. 357.

6
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982]).

7
Jennifer Pokorny and Frans de Waal (2009).

8
John Marzluff and Tony Angell (2005), p. 24.

9
John Marzluff et al. (2010); Garry Hamilton (2012).

10
Michael Sheehan and Elizabeth Tibbetts (2011).

11
Johan Bolhuis and Clive Wynne (2009), see also Frans de Waal (2009a).

12
Marco Vasconcelos et al. (2012).

13
Jonathan Buckley et al. (2010).

14
Barry Allen (1997).

15
M. M. Günther and Christophe Boesch (1993).

16
Gen Yamakoshi (1998).

17
“Tool use is the external employment of an unattached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself when the user holds or carries the tool during or just prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool.” Benjamin Beck (1980), p. 10.

18
Robert Amant and Thomas Horton (2008).

19
Jane Goodall (1967), p. 32.

20
Crickette Sanz et al. (2010).

21
Christophe Boesch et al. (2009), Ebang Wilfried and Juichi Yamagiwa (2014).

22
William McGrew (2010).

23
Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani (2007).

24
Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1994), Noriko Inoue-Nakamura and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1997).

25
Jürgen Lethmate (1982).

26
Carel van Schaik et al. (1999).

27
Thibaud Gruber et al. (2010), Esther Herrmann et al. (2008).

28
Thomas Breuer et al. (2005), Jean-Felix Kinani and Dawn Zimmerman (2015).

29
Eduardo Ottoni and Massimo Mannu (2001).

30
Dorothy Fragaszy et al. (2004).

31
Julio Mercader et al. (2007).

32
Elisabetta Visalberghi and Luca Limongelli (1994).

33
Luca Limongelli et al. (1995), Gema Martin-Ordas et al. (2008).

34
William Mason (1976), pp. 292–93.

35
Michael Gumert et al. (2009).

36
“Honey Badgers: Masters of Mayhem,”
Nature
, broadcast Feb. 19, 2014, Public Broadcasting Service.

37
Alex Weir et al. (2002).

38
Gavin Hunt (1996), Hunt and Russell Gray (2004).

39
Christopher Bird and Nathan Emery (2009), Alex Taylor and Russell Gray (2009), Sarah Jelbert et al. (2014).

40
Alex Taylor et al. (2014).

41
Natacha Mendes et al. (2007), Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).

42
Daniel Hanus et al. (2011).

43
Gavin Hunt et al. (2007), p. 291.

44
William McGrew (2013).

45
Alex Taylor et al. (2007).

46
Nathan Emery and Nicola Clayton (2004).

47
Vladimir Dinets et al. (2013).

48
Julian Finn et al. (2009).

CHAPTER 4: TALK TO ME

1
Bishop of Polignac, cited in Corbey (2005), p. 54.

2
Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts (2002 [orig. 1935]).

3
Herbert Terrace et al. (1979).

4
Irene Pepperberg (2008).

5
Michele Alexander and Terri Fisher (2003).

6
Norman Malcolm (1973), p. 17.

7
Jerry Fodor (1975), p. 56.

8
Irene Pepperberg (1999).

9
Bruce Moore (1992)

10
Alice Auersperg et al. (2012).

11
Ewen Callaway (2012).

12
Sarah Boysen and Gary Berntson (1989).

13
Irene Pepperberg (2012).

14
Irene Pepperberg (1999), p. 327.

15
Sapolsky (2010).

16
Evolution of Language International Conferences, www.evolang.org.

17
Frans de Waal (2007 [orig. 1982], de Waal (1996), de Waal (2009a).

18
Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth (1990).

19
Kate Arnold and Klaus Zuberbühler (2008).

20
Toshitaka Suzuki (2014).

21
Brandon Wheeler and Julia Fischer (2012).

22
Tabitha Price (2013), Nicholas Ducheminsky et al. (2014).

23
Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal (2007), Katja Liebal et al. (2013), Catherine Hobaiter and Richard Byrne (2014).

24
Frans de Waal (2003a).

25
In 1980 Thomas Sebeok and the New York Academy of Sciences organized a conference entitled “The Clever Hans Phenomenon: Communication with Horses, Whales, Apes, and People.”

26
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin (1994), p. 50, Jean Aitchison (2000).

27
Muhammad Spocter et al. (2010).

28
Sandra Wohlgemuth et al. (2014).

29
Andreas Pfenning et al. (2014).

30
Frans de Waal (1997), p. 38.

31
Robert Yerkes (1925), p. 79.

32
Oliver Sacks (1985).

33
Robert Yerkes (1943).

34
Vilmos Csányi (2000), Alexandra Horowitz (2009), Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods (2013).

35
Tiffani Howell et al. (2013).

36
Sally Satel and Scott Lilienfeld (2013).

37
Craig Ferris et al. (2001), John Marzluff et al. (2012).

38
Gregory Berns (2013).

39
Gregory Berns et al. (2013).

CHAPTER 5: THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS

1
Sana Inoue and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2007), Alan Silberberg and David Kearns (2009), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (2009).

2
Jo Thompson (2002).

3
David Premack (2010), p. 30.

4
Marc Hauser interviewed by Jerry Adler (2008).

5
The Public Broadcasting Service entitled a 2010 series
The Human Spark.

6
Alfred Russel Wallace (1869), p. 392.

7
Suzana Herculano-Houzel et al. (2014), Ferris Jabr (2014).

8
Katerina Semendeferi et al. (2002), Suzana Herculano-Houzel (2009), Frederico Azevedo et al. (2009).

9
Ajit Varki and Danny Brower (2013), Thomas Suddendorf (2013), Michael Tomasello (2014).

10
Jeremy Taylor (2009), Helene Guldberg (2010).

11
Virginia Morell (2013), p. 232.

12
Robert Sorge et al. (2014).

13
Emil Menzel (1974).

14
Katie Hall et al. (2014).

15
David Premack and Guy Woodruff (1978).

16
Frans de Waal (2008), Stephanie Preston (2013).

17
Adam Smith (1976 [orig. 1759]), p. 10.

18
J. B. Siebenaler and David Caldwell (1956), p. 126.

19
Frans de Waal (2005), p. 191.

20
Frans de Waal (2009a).

21
Shinya Yamamoto et al. (2009).

22
Yuko Hattori et al. (2012).

23
Henry Wellman et al. (2000).

24
Ljerka Ostoji´c et al. (2013).

25
Daniel Povinelli (1998).

26
Derek Penn and Daniel Povinelli (2007).

27
David Leavens et al. (1996), Autumn Hostetter et al. (2001).

28
Catherine Crockford et al. (2012), Anne Marijke Schel et al. (2013).

29
Brian Hare et al. (2001).

30
Hika Kuroshima et al. (2003), Anne Marije Overduin-de Vries et al. (2013).

31
Anna Ilona Roberts et al. (2013).

32
Daniel Povinelli (2000).

33
Esther Herrmann et al. (2007).

34
Yuko Hattori et al. (2010).

35
Allan Gardner et al. (2011).

36
Frans de Waal (2001), de Waal et al. (2008), Christophe Boesch (2007).

37
Nathan Emery and Nicky Clayton (2001).

38
Thomas Bugnyar and Bernd Heinrich (2005); see also “Quoth the Raven,”
Economist
, May 13, 2004.

39
Josep Call and Michael Tomasello (2008).

40
Atsuko Saito and Kazutaka Shinozuka (2013), p. 689.

41
Brian Hare et al. (2002), Ádám Miklósi et al. (2003), Hare and Michael Tomasello (2005), Monique Udell et al. (2008, 2010), Márta Gácsi et al. (2009).

42
Miho Nagasawa et al. (2015).

43
Leslie White (1959), p. 5.

44
Edward Thorndike (1898), p. 50, Michael Tomasello and Josep Call (1997).

45
Michael Tomasello et al. (1993ab), David Bjorklund et al. (2000).

46
Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten (2005).