At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (53 page)

4.
The Iliad
, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York, 1992), 338; Kevin Coyne,
A Day in the Night of America
(New York, 1992), 35; Richard Cavendish,
The Powers of Evil in Western Religion, Magic, and Folk Belief
(New York, 1975), 88–89; Geoffrey Parrinder,
Witchcraft: European and African
(London, 1970), 123–124; Norman Cohn,
Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt
(New York, 1975), 206–207.

5.
Psalms 23:4; John
1:5; Matthew
27:45; Cavendish,
Powers of Evil,
87–91; Ernst Cas-sirer,
The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms
, trans. Ralph Manheim (New Haven, 1964), 98–99.

6.
Alan Macfarlane,
Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study
(London, 1970), 212; Lucy Mair,
Witchcraft
(New York, 1969), 42–43; B. Malinowski, “The Natives of Mailu: Preliminary Results of the Robert Mond Research Work in British New Guinea,” in
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia
39 (1915), 647–648; Parrinder,
Witchcraft
, 134–146; John Middleton and E. H. Winter, eds.,
Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa
(London, 1969), passim.

7.
Rolfe Humphries, trans.,
The Satires of Juvenal
(Bloomington, Ind., 1966), 43–44; Mark J. Bouman, “Luxury and Control: The Urbanity of Street Lighting in Nineteenth-Century Cities,”
JUH
14 (1987), 9; Hazel Rossotti,
Fire
(Oxford, 1993), 59; O’Dea,
Lighting
, 14–16, 220.

8.
Richard M. Dorson, ed.,
America Begins: Early American Writing
(Bloomington, Ind., 1971), 280, 282; Theodore M. Andersson, “The Discovery of Darkness in Northern Literature,” in Robert B. Burlin and Edward B. Irving, Jr., eds.,
Old English Studies in Honour of John C. Pope
(Toronto, 1974), 9–12.

CHAPTER ONE

1.
Nashe,
Works
, I, 345.

2.
J. P. Arival,
The Historie of this Iron Age: Wherein is Set Down the True State of Europe as It Was in the Year 1500
... , trans. B. Harris (London, 1659), 2; George Herbert,
Jaculum Prudentium: or Outlandish Proverbs
... (London, 1651), 70; “Quid Tunc,”
SJC
, Aug. 29, 1767; Honoré de Balzac,
The Human Comedy
(New York, 1893), II, 6; William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts, eds.,
Fear in Early Modern Society
(Manchester, 1997).

3.
Richard Steele,
The Husbandmans Calling ...
(London, 1670), 270; Shakespeare,
Henry V
, IV, 0, 4; Shakespeare,
The Rape of Lucrece
, 764–767; Anthony J. Lewis, “The Dog, Lion, and Wolf in Shakespeare’s Descriptions of Night,”
Modern Language Review
66 (1971), 1–11; Anthony Harris,
Night’s Black Agents: Witchcraft and Magic in Seventeenth-Century English Drama
(Manchester, 1980); Jean-Marie Maguin,
La Nuit dans le Théâtre de Shakespeare et de ses Prédécesseurs
, 2 vols.
(Lille, 1980).

4.
John Hayward,
Hell’s Everlasting Flames Avoided ...
(London, 1712), 30; Shakespeare,
Love’s Labour’s Lost,
IV, 3, 252; Thomas Granger,
The Light of the World
... (London, 1616), 29; Piero Camporesi,
The Fear of Hell: Images of Damnation and Salvation in Early Modern Europe
, trans. Lucinda Byatt (University Park, Pa., 1991), 42; Nashe,
Works
, I, 346; John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee,
Oedipus
(London, 1679), 27; Jean Delumeau,
La Peur en Occident, XIVe-XVIIIe Siècles: Une Cité Assiégée
(Paris, 1978), 97; Robert Muchembled, “La Violence et la Nuit sous l’Ancien Régime,”
Ethnologie Francaise
21 (1991), 241.

5.
Anthony Synnott, “The Eye and the I: A Sociology of Sight,”
International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society
5 (1992), 619, 618; Constance Classen,
Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures
(New York, 1993), 58.

6.
Maria Bogucka, “Gesture, Ritual, and Social Order in Sixteenth- to Eighteenth-century Poland,” in Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg, eds.,
A Cultural History of Gesture
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), 191.

7.
See, for example,
US
and
WJ
, July 9, 1737.

8.
Thomson,
The Seasons
, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1981), 192.

9.
Mill,
A Nights Search: Discovering the Nature and Condition of all Sorts of Night Walkers
... (London, 1639);
Herberts Devotions
. . . (London, 1657), 231; Mark Warr, “Dangerous Situations: Social Context and Fear of Victimization,”
Social Forces
68 (1990), 892–894.

10.
R. B., “A Serious Address to the Common Council of the City of London,”
G and NDA
, July 16, 1768; Thomas Middleton,
The Wisdome of Solomon Paraphrased
(London, 1597); July 18, 1709, Cowper, Diary. See also Henry Chettle,
Piers Plainnes Seauen Yeres Prentiship
(London, 1595); Shakespeare,
Julius Caesar
, II, 1, 77.

11.
Lavater,
Spirites
, 10.

12.
Richard Jackson, June 7, 1656,
York Depositions
, 74; Heywood,
Diaries
, III, 187.

13.
Mar. 3, 1727, “The Diary of George Booth,”
Journal of the Chester and North Wales Architectural Archaeogical and Historic Society
, New Ser., 28 (1928), 38;
Perpetual and Natural Prognostications ...
(London, 1591), 27; T. F. Thiselton-Dyer,
Old English Social Life as Told by the Parish Registers
(1898; rpt. edn., New York, 1972), 233; Heywood,
Diaries
, II, 218; Sara Schechner Genuth,
Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology
(Princeton, 1997).

14.
1719, Lewis, Diary, 25; June 5, 1742, “Diary of Rev. Jacob Eliot,”
Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries
... , 2
nd
Ser., 5 (1869), 34.

15.
May 21, 1668, Pepys,
Diary
, 208; Walter L. Strauss, ed.,
The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600
(New York, 1975), III, 968–969; T. Platter,
Journal
, 217; Heywood,
Diaries
, II, 232; Steven Ozment,
Three Behaim Boys Growing up in Early Modern Germany: A Chronicle of Their Lives
(New Haven, 1990), 52.

16.
M. de Fontenelle,
Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds
, trans. H.A. Hargreaves (Berkeley, Calif., 1990), 130; Charles Stevens and John Liebault,
Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme
, trans. Richard Surflet (London, 1616), 30; Thomas B. Forbes, “By What Disease or Casualty: The Changing Face of Death in London,”
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
31 (1976), 408; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 296–297.

17.
Niccols,
A Winter Night’s Vision
... (London, 1610), 831; Francis T. Havergal, comp.,
Herefordshire Words & Phrases
... (Walsall, Eng., 1887), 13; Francois Joseph Pahud de Valangin,
A Treatise on Diet, or the Management of Human Life
... (London, 1768), 275; High Court of Justiciary, Small Papers, Main Series, JC 26/42–43, passim, Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh; JRAI, passim.

18.
Laurent Joubert,
The Second Part of the Popular Errors
, trans. Gregory David de Rocher (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995), 280–282. For a similar critique, see
The Second Lash of Alazonomastix
... (London, 1655), 234.

19.
Owen Feltham,
Resolves, a Duple Century
(1628; rpt. ed., Amsterdam, 1975), 211. See also Denham,
The Sophy
(London, 1642), 20.

20.
Camporesi,
Fear of Hell
, 13; Thomas Dekker,
The Gull’s Hornbook
, ed. R.B. McKerrow (New York, 1971), 23; Jan. 12, 1706, Cowper, Diary; Caufurd Tait Ramage,
Ramage in South Italy
... , ed. Edith Clay (London, 1965), 6; J. Churton Collins, ed.,
The Plays & Poems of Robert Greene
(Oxford, 1905), II, 249; Angelo Celli,
The History of Malaria in the Roman Campagna from Ancient Times
, ed. Anna Celli-Fraentzel (London, 1933), 130–154.

21.
Anglicus,
On the Properties of Things
, trans. John Trevisa (Oxford, 1975), I, 540; Thomas Amory,
Daily Devotion Assisted and Recommended, in Four Sermons .
. . (London, 1772), 15.

22.
Leon Kreitzman,
The 24 Hour Society
(London, 1999), 90–91; Solomon R. Benatar, “Fatal Asthma,”
New England Journal of Medicine
314 (1986), 426–427; Sharon A. Sharp, “Biological Rhythms and the Timing of Death,”
Omega
12 (1981–1982), 17.

23.
Hanway,
Domestic Happiness .
.. Calculated to Render Servants in General Virtuous and Happy
.
. . (London, 1786), 101; Mary J. Dobson,
Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England
(New York, 1997), 247, 252; Pounds,
Culture
, 239, 245–246.

24.
Anna Brzozowska-Krajka,
Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time
(Boulder, Colo, 1998), 115.

25.
Francis B. Gummere, “On the Symbolic Use of the Colors Black and White in Germanic Tradition,”
Haverford College Studies
1 (1889), 116; John Fletcher,
The Nightwalker, or the Little Theife
(London, 1640); Daniel Defoe,
A System of Magick .
. . (London, 1727), 380–381; Normal Cohn,
Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt
(New York, 1975), 66.

26.
C. Scott Dixon,
The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603
(Cambridge, 1996), 191; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 472, 473–477; Nashe,
Works
, I, 346; George C. Schoolfield,
The German Lyric of the Baroque in English Translation
(New York, 1966), 199.

27.
Nashe,
Works
, I, 346, 348; Bella Millett and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne,
Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse
(Oxford, 1990), 91; Jacob Bauthumley,
The Light and Dark Sides of God
... (London, 1650), 29.

28.
Hale,
A Collection of Modern Relations of Matter of Fact, Concerning Witches & Witchcraft
... (London, 1693), 16, 12–13; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 472.

29.
SAS
, XIII, 652; Le Loyer,
Specters,
fo. 78; July 1, 1712, Donald F. Bond, ed.,
The Spectator
, (Oxford, 1965), III, 572;
Essex People, 1750–1900: From Their Diaries, Memoirs and Letters
(Chelmsford, Eng., 1972), 32.

30.
Brand 1777, II, 430–431;
A View of London and Westminster: or, the Town Spy, etc.
(London, 1725), 1–2; Robert Holland, comp.,
A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Chester
(1886; rpt. ed., Vaduz, Liecht, 1965), 182; Brand 1848, II, 507–512; Minor White Latham,
The Elizabethan Fairies: The Fairies of Folklore and the Fairies of Shakespeare
(1930; rpt. edn., New York, 1972), 219–262.

31.
Georgina F. Jackson, comp.,
Shropshire Word-Book
... (London, 1879), 117; Samuel Butler,
Hudibras, the First Part
(London, 1663), 19.

32.
Mr. Pratt,
Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and Westphalia
(London, 1798), 142, 136; T. Campbell,
Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland
... (London, 1777), 280;
Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity
(London, 1814), 144; R. D. Heslop, comp.,
Northumberland Words
... (London, 1892), I, 257; Brand 1777, II, 359.

33.
A. J. Gurevich,
Categories of Medieval Culture
, trans. G. L. Campbell (London, 1985), 107–108; Lewis, Diary, 17; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 587–606.

34.
Thomas Alfred Spalding,
Elizabethan Demonology
... (London, 1880), 54;
WJ
, Nov. 5, 1726; John Holloway, ed.,
The Oxford Book of Local Verses
(Oxford, 1987), 215–216; Cannon, Diary, 134; Jean Claude Schmitt,
Ghosts in the Middle Ages: The Living and the Dead in Medieval Society
(Chicago, 1998), 185; Nov. 29, 1667, Pepys,
Diary
, VIII, 553; Brand 1777, II, 430.

35.
John Carr,
The Stranger in Ireland: or, a Tour in the Southern and Western Parts of that Country in the Year 1805
(1806; rpt. edn., Shannon, Ire., 1970), 264–265; Anne Plumptre,
A Narrative of a Three Years’ Residence in France
... (London, 1810), III, 179;
Craftsman
(London), May 20, 1732; Dietz,
Surgeon
, 166–167; Pierre Goubert,
The Ancien Régime: French Society 1600–1750
, trans. Steve Cox (London, 1973), 280; Caroline Frances Oates, “Trials of Werewolves in the Franche-Comte in the Early Modern Period” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of London, 1993); Le Loyer,
Specters
, fo. 101.

36.
Scott,
Witchcraft
, 29; Geert Mak,
Amsterdam
, trans. Philipp Blom (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 48; E. S. De Beer, ed.,
The Correspondence of John Locke
(Oxford, 1976), 421–422; Francis Grose,
A Provincial Glossary
(1787; rpt. edn., Menston, Eng., 1968), 17.