At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (54 page)

37.
Saint Basil,
Exegetic Homilies
, trans. Sister Agnes Clarke Way (Washington, D.C., 1963), 26; Ellery Leonard, trans.,
Beowulf
(New York, 1939), 8, 5; Martha Grace Duncan, “In Slime and Darkness: The Metaphor of Filth in Criminal Justice,”
Tulane Law Review
68 (1994), 725–801; James Sharpe,
Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750
(New York, 1996), 15; Cavendish,
Powers of Evil
, 87, 96–97; Cohn,
Europe’s Inner Demons
, 207–210.

38.
Muchembled, “La Nuit sous l’Ancien Régime,” 239–241; Schmitt,
Ghosts in the Middle Ages
, 177; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 455; Harris,
Night’s Black Agents
, 25–26, 33; Nancy Caciola, “Wraiths, Revenants and Ritual in Medieval Culture,”
PP
152 (1996), 3–45; Pierre Jonin, “L’Espace et le Temps de la Nuit dans les Romans de Chrétien de Troyes,”
Mélanges de Langue et de Littérature Médiévals Offerts à Alice Planche
48 (1984), 235–246.

39.
Cohn,
Europe’s Inner Demons
, 71–74, 97, 100–101; Lynn A. Martin,
Alcohol, Sex, and Gender in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
(New York, 2001), 79; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic,
454–456.

40.
G.R. Quaife,
Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth Century England
(London, 1979), 31; S. Taylor, “Daily Life—and Death—in 17
th
Century Lamplugh,”
Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society
, New Ser. 44 (1945), 138–141; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 455–461, 498–499.

41.
Cohn,
Inner Demons
, 105;
VG
, Aug. 19, 1737; Christina Larner,
Enemies of God: The Witch-Hunt in Scotland
(Baltimore, 1981), 22–25; Robin Briggs, “Witchcraft and Popular Mentality in Lorraine, 1580–1630,” in Brian Vickers, ed.,
Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance
(Cambridge, 1984), 346–347; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 560–569.

42.
Jon Butler, “Magic, Astrology, and the Early American Religious Heritage, 1600–1760,”
AHR
84 (1979), 322.

43.
Scott,
Witchcraft
, 25; Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 94.

44.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 203.

45.
Mrs. Bray,
Traditions, Legends, Superstitions, and Sketches of Devonshire
... (London, 1838), I, 168–169; Kingsley Palmer,
The Folklore of Somerset
(Totowa, N.J., 1976), 23; Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 29, 30. See also Nashe,
Works
, I, 358; Brand 1848, III, 52.

46.
SAS
, IX, 748; Cohens,
Italy
, 150–151; Roy Porter, “The People’s Health in Georgian England,” in Tim Harris, ed.,
Popular Culture in England, c.1500–1850
(New York, 1995), 139–142; P.E.H. Hair, “Accidental Death and Suicide in Shropshire, 1780–1809,”
Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society
59 (1969), 63–75; Robert Campbell, “Philosophy and the Accident,” in Roger Cooter and Bill Luckin, eds.,
Accidents in History: Injuries, Fatalities, and Social Relations
(Amsterdam, 1997), 19–32.

47.
Apr. 16, 1769, Diary of Sir John Parnell, 1769–1783, 57, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics; Christopher Hibbert,
The English: A Social History
(London, 1988), 348–349.

48.
Watts,
Works
, II, 189; Marsilia Ficino,
Three Books on Life
, ed. and trans. Carol V. Kaske and John R. Clark (Binghampton, N.Y., 1989), 127; Stanley Coren,
Sleep Thieves:
An Eye-Opening Exploration into the Science
and Mysteries of Sleep
(New York, 1996), 97, 185; Lydia Dotto,
Losing Sleep: How Your Sleeping Habits Affect Your Life
(New York, 1990), 53.

49.
VG
, Jan. 5, 1739; Dec. 15, 1744, C. E. Whiting, ed.,
Two Yorkshire Diaries: The Diary of Arthur Jessop and Ralph Ward’s Journal
(Gateshead on Tyne, Eng., 1952), 95; 1721, Dec. 26, 1713, Oct. 26, 1698,
East Anglian Diaries
, 251, 236, 208; Heywood,
Diaries
, II, 302.

50.
The True-Born English-man
... (London, 1708), 16;
New England Weekly Journal
(Boston), July 6, 1736; Penry Williams,
The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603
(Oxford, 1995), 216; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic,
17–19; Ruff,
Violence
, 126.

51.
John D. Palmer,
The Living Clock: The Orchestrator of Biological Rhythms
(New York, 2002), 32–34.

52.
Edward Burghall,
Providence Improved
(London, 1889), 155, 157, 159;
WJ
, Aug. 14, 1725; Helen Simpson, ed. and trans.,
The Waiting City: Paris 1782–88
... (Philadelphia, 1933), 227; Clifford Morsley,
News from the English Countryside: 1750–1850
(London, 1979), 143.

53.
Defoe,
Tour
, I, 308;
PG
, Nov. 1, 1733; Dobson,
Death and Disease
, 245.

54.
J. W. Goethe,
Italian Journey, 1786–1788
(New York, 1968), 347; P.E.H. Hair, “Deaths from Violence in Britain: A Tentative Secular Survey,”
Population Studies
25 (1971), 5–24.

55.
Peter Borsay,
The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town 1660–1770
(Oxford, 1989), 3–11; Christopher R. Friedrichs,
The Early Modern City, 1450–1750
(London, 1995), 20–21.

56.
Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 109–111.

57.
Aug. 16, 1693, Michael Hunter and Annabel Gregory, eds.,
An Astrological Diary of the Seventeenth Century: Samuel Jeake of Rye, 1652–1699
(Oxford, 1988), 224; Elborg Forster, ed. and trans.,
A Woman’s Life in the Court of the Sun King: Letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722
(Baltimore, 1984), 246;
Some Bedfordshire Diaries
(Streatley, Eng., 1960), 8.

58.
June 30, 1766, Diary of Mr. Tracy and Mr. Dentand, 1766, Bodl., 14; John Spranger
, A Proposal or Plan for an Act of Parliament for the Better Paving, Lighting, and Cleaning the Stree
ts ... (London, 1754); Paul Zumthor
, Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland
(New York, 1963), 23–24; Walter King, “How High Is Too High? Disposing of Dung in Seventeenth-Century Prescot,
” Sixteenth Century Journal
23 (1992), 446–447; James Clifford, “Some Aspects of London Life in the Mid-18
th
Century,” in Paul Fritz and David Williams, eds.
, City & Society in the 18
th
Centur
y (Toronto, 1973), 19–38; Sarti,
Europe at Home
, trans. Cameron, 110–114.

59.
Martin Lister,
A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698
(London, 1699), 24; Marcelin Defourneaux,
Daily Life in Spain: The Golden Age
, trans. Newton Branch (New York, 1971), 63; G. M. Trevelyan,
English Social History, a Survey of Six Centuries: Chaucer to Queen Victoria
(New York, 1965), 438; G. E. Rodmell, ed., “An Englishman’s Impressions of France in 1775,”
Durham University Journal
(1967), 85; Joseph Palmer,
A Four Months Tour through France
(London, 1776), II, 58–60; Bargellini, “Vita Notturna,” 80; A. H. de Oliveira,
Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages
(Madison, Wisc., 1971), 101–102, 141.

60.
Mar. 17, 1709, Sewall,
Diary
, II, 616; Thomas Pennant,
The Journey from Chester to London
(London, 1782), 166; June 30, 1666, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 188;
WJ
, Jan. 2, 1725; James K. Hosmer, ed.,
Winthrop’s Journal: “History of New England,” 1630–1649
(New York, 1908), II, 355.

61.
Burton E. Stevenson,
The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 1686; Cotton Mather,
Frontiers Well-Defended: An Essay, to Direct the Frontiers of a Countrey Exposed unto the Incursions of a Barbarous Enemy
(Boston, 1707), 14; Oct. 19, 1691, Sewall,
Diary
, I, 283; Vito Fumagalli,
Landscapes of Fear: Perceptions of Nature and the City in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1994), 136–148.

62.
A General Collection of Discourses of the Virtuosi of France, upon Question of All Sorts of Philosophy, and other Natural Knowledge .
. . , trans. G. Havers (London, 1664), 204.

CHAPTER TWO

1.
Jean Delumeau,
La Peur en Occident, XIVe–XVIIIe Siècles: Une Cité Assiégée
(Paris, 1978), 90.

2.
P. M. Mitchell, trans.,
Selected Essays of Ludvig Holberg
(Westport, Ct., 1976), 51; John Worlidge,
Systema Agriculturae; The Mystery of Husbandry Discovered ...
(1675; rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1970), 220; Lawrence Wright,
Warm and Snug: The History of the Bed
(London, 1962), 120.

3.
Sara Tilghman Nalle,
Mad for God: Bartolomé Sánchez, the Secret Messiah of Cardenete
(Charlottesville, Va., 2001), 129; Samuel Rowlands,
The Night-Raven
(London, 1620);
The Ordinary of Newgate, His Account of the Behaviour, Confession, and Dying Words, of the Malefactors Who were Executed at Tyburn,
Nov. 7, 1750, 10.

4.
Marjorie Keniston McIntosh,
Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600
(Cambridge, 1998), 66–67; Jütte,
Poverty
, 163; F. Alteri,
Dizionario Italiano ed Inglese
... (London, 1726); Paul Griffiths, “Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modern England,”
Seventeenth Century
13 (1998), 213, 216–217.

5.
OBP
, Jan. 15–18, 1748, 54;
Midnight the Signal: In Sixteen Letters to a Lady of Quality
(n.p., 1779), I, 9, passim; John Crowne,
Henry the Sixth, the First Part .
..
(London, 1681), 18; Griffiths, “Nightwalking,” 217–238.

6.
OBP
, May 17, 1727, 6.

7.
For an introduction to the large literature on early modern crime, see J. A. Sharpe,
Crime in Early Modern England, 1550–1750
(London, 1984); Joanna Innes and John Styles, “The Crime Wave: Recent Writings on Crime and Criminal Justice in Eighteenth-Century England,”
Journal of British Studies
25 (1986), 380–435; Ruff,
Violence
.

8.
Kyd,
The Spanish Tragedie
(London, 1592); Watts,
Works
, II, 190.

9.
Hadrianus Junius,
The Nomenclator ..
.
(London, 1585), 425;
The Works of Monsieur Boileau
(London, 1712), I, 199; Heywood,
Diaries
, II, 286;
OBP
, Sept. 7, 1737, 163; S. Pole, “Crime, Society and Law Enforcement in Hanoverian Somerset” (Ph.D. diss., Cambridge Univ., 1983), 302–303; Julius Ralph Ruff, “Crime, Justice, and Public Order in France, 1696–1788: the Senechausee of Libourne” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1979), 238;
Select Trials
, II, 234; Beattie,
Crime
, 167–192.

10.
Sept.8, 1666, Aug. 21, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 282, VI, 200;
OBP
, Sept. 6–11, 1738, 146; M. Dorothy George,
London Life in the 18
th
Century
(New York, 1965), 10–11; Beattie,
Crime
, 148–154.

11.
Jeremy Black,
British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1992), 177; Joseph Jacobs, ed.,
Epistolae Ho-Elianeae: The Familiary Letters of James Howell ...
(London, 1900), 45;
DUR
, Dec. 26, 1788; Marcelin Defourneaux,
Daily Life in Spain: The Golden Age
, trans. Newton Branch (New York, 1971), 68; Moryson,
Itinerary
, I, 141.

12.
An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night ..
.
(London, 1731) 65; Colm Lennon,
Richard Stanyhurst the Dubliner, 1547–1618
(Blackrock, Ire., 1981), 148; Beattie,
Crime
, 180–181; J. A. Sharpe,
Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study
(Cambridge, 1983), 103.

13.
Richard Head,
The Canting Academy; or Villanies Discovered ...
(London, 1674), 69; Thomas Evans, Feb. 8, 1773, Assi 45/31/1/78; Ann Maury,
Memoirs of a Huguenot Family ... from the Original Autobiography of Rev. James Fontaine .
..
(New York, 1852), 303; Beattie,
Crime
, 152–161; Alan Macfarlane,
The Justice and the Mare’s Ale: Law and Disorder in Seventeenth-Century England
(Oxford, 1981), 136–140; James A. Sharpe, “Criminal Organization in Rural England 1550–1750,” in G. Ortalli, ed.,
Bande Armate, Banditti, Banditismo
(Rome, 1986), 125–140.

14.
William Lithgow,
The Totall Discourse of the Rare Adventures & Painefull Peregrinations ...
(Glasgow, 1906), 310; Ruff,
Violence
, 31, 64–65, 217–239; Pierre Goubert,
The Ancien Régime: French Society 1600–1750
, trans. Steve Cox (London, 1973), 104; Uwe Danker, “Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,” in Richard J. Evans, ed.,
The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History
(London, 1988), 75–107.