At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (71 page)

19.
Thomas Overbury,
The “Conceited Newes” of Sir Thomas Overbury and His Friends
, ed. James E. Savage (1616; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1968), 262; Henry Nevil Payne,
The Siege of Constantinople
(London, 1675), 51; Georg Christoph Lichtenberg,
Aphorisms
, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (London, 1990), 83–84; Luce,
Body Time
, 204–210.

20.
Stevenson, ed.,
Proverbs
, 2132; Henry Bachelin,
Le Serviteur
(Paris, 1918), 216; Nov. 6, 1715, William Matthews, ed.,
The Diary of Dudley Ryder, 1715–1716
(London, 1939), 105; May 20, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 99. See also Jan. 30, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VI, 25.

21.
Heaton, “Experiences or Spiritual Exercises” (typescript), 4, North Haven Historical Society, North Haven, Ct.; Burton,
Anatomy of Melancholy
, 465; Barbara E. Lacey, “The World of Hannah Heaton: The Autobiography of an Eighteenth-Century Connecticut Farm Woman,”
WMQ
, 3
rd
Ser., 45 (1988), 284–285.

22.
M. A. Courtney and Thomas Q. Couch, eds.,
Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall
(London, 1880), 39;
OED
, s.v. “nightmare”; Edward Phillips,
The Chamber-Maid
.
. .
(London, 1730), 57;
The Works of Benjamin Jonson
(London, 1616), 951.

23.
Joseph Angus and J. C. Ryle, eds.,
The Works of Thomas Adams
... (Edinburgh, 1861), II, 29.

24.
Charles P. Pollak, “The Effects of Noise on Sleep,” in Thomas H. Fay, ed.,
Noise and Health
(New York, 1991), 41–60.

25.
Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 169; R. Murray Schafer,
The Tuning of the World
(Philadelphia, 1977), 59; Luce,
Body Time
, 141.

26.
Thomas Shadwell,
Epsom-Wells
(London, 1672), 83;
The Works of Monsieur Boileau
(London, 1712), I, 193–194, 200–201;
The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse
... (London, 1708), III, 15; Bruce R. Smith,
The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor
(Chicago, 1999), 52–71. Of course, some early modern noises, Francis Bacon observed, aided sleep, including trickling water and soft singing. James Spedding et al., eds.,
The Works of Francis Bacon
(London, 1859), II, 579–580.

27.
Joseph Leech,
Rural Rides of the Bristol Churchgoer
, ed. Alan Sutton (Gloucester, Eng., 1982), 70; Mar. 16, 1706, Cowper, Diary.

28.
Oct. 24, 1794, Oct. 19, 1796, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 610, 853.

29.
William Beckford,
Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents
, ed. Robert J. Gemmett (Rutherford, N.J., 1972), 165; Robert Forby, comp.,
The Vocabulary of East Anglia
(Newton Abbot, Eng., 1970), I, 43; June, 15, 1800, Jack Ayres, ed.,
Paupers and Pig Killers: The Diary of William Holland, a Somerset Parson
(Gloucester, Eng., 1984), 38.

30.
P. Hume Brown, ed.,
Tours in Scotland, 1677 & 1681
... (Edinburgh, 1892), 33; Donald Gibson, ed.,
A Parson in the Vale of White Horse: George Woodward’s Letters from East Hendred, 1753–1761
(Gloucester, Eng., 1982), 37; Nov. 26, 1703, Doreen Slatter, ed.,
The Diary of Thomas Naish
(Devizes, Eng., 1965), 51; Pounds,
Culture
, 364–365; Smith,
Acoustic World
, 71–82.

31.
Alice Morse Earle,
Customs and Fashions in Old New England
(1893; rpt edn., Detroit, 1968), 128;
LEP
, Jan. 12, 1767; Dec. 19, 1799, Woodforde,
Diary
, V, 230; Brian Fagan,
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850
(New York, 2000), 113–147; Stanley Coren,
Sleep Thieves: An Eye-Opening Exploration into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep
(New York, 1996), 164.

32.
Legg,
Low-Life
, 4; John Ashton, comp.,
Modern Street Ballads
(New York, 1968), 51; Stevenson, ed.,
Proverbs
, 280; Lynne Lamberg,
Bodyrhythms: Chronobiology and Peak Performance
(New York, 1994), 111–112; Remarks 1717, 193–194; Aug. 3, 1774, Edward Miles Riley, ed.,
The Journal of John Harrower: An Indentured Servant in the Colony of Virginia, 1773–1776
(Williamsburg, 1963), 52.

33.
Torrington,
Diaries
, III, 317; Evelyn,
Diary
, II, 507; Robert Southey,
Journal of a Tour in Scotland
(1929; rpt edn. Edinburgh, 1972), 91–92.

34.
John Locke,
The Works .
. . (London, 1963), IX, 23; Coren,
Sleep Thieves
, 160–161.

35.
Apr. 4, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 71; Lawrence Wright,
Warm and Snug: The History of the Bed
(London, 1962), 199–200; Oct. 22, 1660, Pepys,
Diary
, I, 271; Carl Bridenbaugh, ed.,
Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1948), 195; F.P. Pankhurst and J. A. Horne, “The Influence of Bed Partners on Movement during Sleep,”
Sleep
17 (1994), 308–315.

36.
A. Aspinall, ed.,
Lady Bessborough and Her Family Circle
(London, 1940), 111–112; John S. Farmer, ed.,
Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year
a.d.
1800
(New York, 1964), I, 202–203; Lawrence Wright,
Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom & the Water Closet
... (New York, 1960), 78; Pounds,
Culture
, 366–367.

37.
See, for example, Thomas Brewer,
The Merry Devill of Edmonton
(London, 1631), 44;
OED
, s.v. “urinal”; Mar. 27, 1706, Sewall,
Diary
, I, 543; Jonathan Swift,
Directions to Servants
... (Oxford, 1959), 61; Burt,
Letters
, II, 47.

38.
James T. Henke,
Gutter Life and Language in the Early “Street” Literature of England: A Glossary of Terms and Topics Chiefly of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(West Cornwall, Ct., 1988), 51; Sept. 28, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VI, 244; John Greenwood, Mar. 9, 1771, Assi 45/30/1/70;
Paroimiographia
(Italian), 16.

39.
Cibber and Vanbrugh,
The Provok’d Husband; or a Journey to London
(London, 1728), 76.

40.
Peter Thornton,
The Italian Renaissance Interior 1400–1600
(New York, 1991), 248, 249–251, and
Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France, and Holland
(New Haven, 1978), 324–326, 328.

41.
Boileau
Works
, I, 201.

42.
Benjamin Franklin,
Writings
, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 1121–1122; Feb. 16, 17, 1668, Pepys,
Diary
, IX, 73, 75; Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, ed.,
Quebec to Carolina in 1785–1786: Being the Travel Diary and Observations of Robert Hunter Jr. ...
(San Marino, Calif., 1943), 278–279; Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 122.

43.
July 9, 1774, Philip Vickers Fithian,
Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773–1774: A Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion
, ed. Hunter Dickinson Farish (Williamsburg, 1943), 178.

44.
Nicholas James,
Poems on Several Occasions
(Truro, Eng., 1742), 13;
Herbert’s Devotions,
223; Sarah C. Maza,
Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century France: The Uses of Loyalty
(Princeton, N.J., 1983), 183 n. 61. The working-class author John Younger later derided “toddy-noodled writers of gentle novels” for “describing the happy ignorance of the snoring
peasantry
without any real knowledge of such people’s matters” (
Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St. Boswells
... [Edinburgh, 1881], 133).

45.
Pollak, “Effects of Noise,” 43.

46.
Apr. 13, 1719, William Byrd,
The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings
, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 256; Oct. 9, 1647,
Yorkshire Diaries and Autobiographies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
(Durham, Eng., 1875), I, 67; Coren,
Sleep Thieves
, 72–74, 286. Little wonder that among the lower classes in early modern Europe the mythical “Land of Cockaigne” exerted broad appeal. In addition to other delights in this utopian paradise, men and women rested in “silken beds,” and “he who sleeps most earns the most” (Piero Camporesi,
The Land of Hunger
, trans. Tania Croft-Murray [Cambridge, Mass., 1996], 160–164).

47.
Mechal Sobel,
The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia
(Princeton, N.J., 1987), 24; James Scholefield, ed.,
The Works of James Pilkington, B. D., Lord Bishop of Durham
(New York, 1968), 446; E. P. Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,”
PP
38 (1967), 56–97.

48.
Camporesi,
Bread of Dreams
, 68–69; Coren,
Sleep Thieves
, passim.

CHAPTER TWELVE

1.
Philip Wheelwright,
Heraclitus
(Princeton, N.J., 1959), 20.

2.
Herbert’s Devotions
... (London, 1657), 236; Robert Louis Stevenson,
The Cevennes Journal: Notes on a Journey through the French Highlands
, ed. Gordon Golding (Edinburgh, 1978), 79–82.

3.
For the term “first sleep,” I have discovered eighty-three references within a total of seventy-two different sources from the period 1300–1800. See the text for examples. For references to “first nap” and “dead sleep,” see A. Roger Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial Slumber in the British Isles,”
AHR
106 (2001), 364. The fewer references to segmented sleep I have found in early American sources suggests that this pattern, though present in North America, may have been less widespread than in Europe, for reasons ranging from differences in day/night ratios to the wider availability of artificial illumination in the colonies. Two sources—Benjamin Franklin, “Letter of the Drum,”
PG
, Apr. 23, 1730, and Hudson Muse to Thomas Muse, Apr. 19, 1771, in “Original Letters,”
WMQ
2 (1894), 240—contain the expression “first nap.” See also Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost,” 364.

4.
I have found twenty-one references to these terms within a total of nineteen sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost,” 364).

5.
For “primo sonno” and “primo sono,” the Opera del Vocabolario Italiano database of early Italian literature, furnished by the ItalNet consortium (Web:
www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/ARTFL/projects/OVI/
), contains fifty-seven references within a total of thirty-two texts from just the fourteenth century.

6.
For “primo somno” or some slight variation like “primus somnus” or “primi somni,” for which I have discovered nineteen references within sixteen texts, half of the latter before the thirteenth century, see, for example, Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost,” 364–365. For “concubia nocte,” see D. P. Simpson,
Cassell’s Latin Dictionary
(London, 1982), 128.

7.
Mid-Night Thoughts, Writ, as Some Think, by a London-Whigg, or a Westminster Tory
... (London, 1682), A 2, 17; William Keatinge Clay, ed.,
Private Prayers, Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth
(London, 1968), 440–441;
OED
, s.v. “watching.”

8.
Geoffrey Chaucer,
The Canterbury Tales
(Avon, Ct., 1974), 403; William Baldwin,
Beware the Cat
, ed. William Ringler, Jr., and Michael Flachmann (San Marino, Calif., 1988), 5.

9.
George Wither,
Ivvenila
(London, 1633), 239; Locke,
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(London, 1690), 589. See also Francis Peck,
Desiderrata Curiosa
... (London, 1732), II, 33. For references to the “first sleep” of animals, see, for example, James Shirley,
The Constant Maid
(London, 1640); Samuel Jackson Pratt,
Harvest-Home
... (London, 1805), II, 457.

10.
Raimundus Lullus,
Liber de Regionibus Sanitatis et Informitatis
(n.p., 1995), 107; Harrison,
Description
, 382. See also Crusius,
Nocte
, ch. 3.11.

11.
The Dramatic Works of Sir William D’Avenant
(New York, 1964), III, 75; J. Irvine Smith, ed,
Selected Justiciary Cases, 1624–1650
(Edinburgh, 1974), III, 642; Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 97–98; Richard Hurst, trans.,
Endimion: An Excellent Fancy First Composed in French by Mounsieur Gombauld
(London, 1639), 74; Shirley Strum Kenny, ed.,
The Works of George Farquhar
(Oxford, 1988), I, 100.

12.
Governal,
In this Tretyse that Is Cleped Governayle of Helthe
(New York, 1969); William Bullein,
A Newe Boke of Phisicke Called y Goveriment of Health
... (London, 1559), 90; Andrew Boorde,
A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of Health
... (London, 1547); André Du Laurens,
A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight
... , ed. Sanford V. Larkey, trans. Richard Surfleet ([London], 1938), 190.

13.
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error
, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), 277, 227; Nicolas Rémy,
La Démonolâtrie
, ed. Jean Boës (1595; rpt. edn., Lyons, n.d.), 125. See also Jean Duvernoy, ed.,
Le Régistre d’Inquisition de Jacques Fournier, Évêque de Pamiers (1318–1325)
(Toulouse, 1965), I, 243.