At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (73 page)

54.
Lady Marchioness of Newcastle,
Orations of Divers Sorts
... (London, 1662), 300.

55.
Apr. 4, 1706, Aug. 22, 1716, Sewall,
Diary
, I, 544, II, 829.

56.
Sept. 4, 1625,
Laud Works
, III, 173; Oct. 17, 1588, Halliwell, ed.,
Dee Diary
, 29; Mar. 20, 1701, Robert Wodrow,
Analecta: or, Materials for a History of Remarkable Providences
... , ed. Matthew Leishman (Edinburgh, 1842), I, 6; Feb. 17, 1802, Woodforde,
Diary
, V, 369.

57.
Nov. 20, 1798, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 112. See, for example, Cardano,
Book of My Life
, 89; Wodrow,
Analecta
, II, 315, III, 339; July 15, 1738, Benjamin Hanbury,
An Enlarged Series of Extracts from the Diary, Meditations and Letters of Mr. Joseph Williams
(London, 1815), 131.

58.
Jan. 7, 1648, C.H. Josten, ed.,
Elias Ashmole (1617–1692)
... (Oxford, 1967), II, 467; Jan. 6, 1784, Irma Lustig and Frederick Albert Pottle, eds.,
Boswell, The Applause of the Jury, 1782–1785
(New York, 1981), 175.

59.
Feb. 10, 1799, William Warren Sweet,
Religion on the American Frontier, 1782–1840: The Methodists
... (Chicago, 1946), IV, 217–218.

60.
June 30, 1654, Feb. 15, 1658, Josselin,
Diary
, 325, 419; June 16, 1689, Mar. 18, 1694, Feb. 13, 1705, Sewall,
Diary
, I, 219, 328, 518; May 28, 1789, Woodforde,
Diary
, III, 108; Dec. 2, 1720, William Byrd,
The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings
, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 481; Oct. 12, 1582, Halliwell, ed.,
Dee Diary
, 17; Jan. 29, 1708, J. E. Foster, ed.,
The Diary of Samuel Newton
(Cambridge, 1890), 118; Aug. 27, Oct. 14, 1773, Frederick A. Pottle and Charles H. Bennett, eds.,
Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 1773
(New York, 1961), 87–88, 303–304; Feb. 3, 15, 1776, Ryskamp and Pottle, eds.,
Ominous Years
, 230, 235.

61.
May 30, 1695, Foster, ed.,
Newton Diary
, 109; Dec. 21, 1626,
Laud Works
, III, 197; Carlton, “Dream Life of Laud,” 13.

62.
Mid-Night Thoughts
, 34; Mark R. Cohen, ed. and trans.,
The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena’s Life of Judah
(Princeton, N.J., 1988), 94, 99; James J. Cartwright,
The Wentworth Papers, 1705–1739
(London, 1883), 148; Wolfgang Behringer,
Shaman of Oberstorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night
, trans. H. C. Erik Midelfort (Charlottesville, Va., 1998); Boyereau Brinch,
The Blind African Slave ...
(St. Albans, Vt., 1810), 149–150; Michael Craton,
Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1982), 250.

63.
Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi
... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 3; Jean de La Fontaine,
Selected Fables
, ed. Maya Slater and trans. Christopher Wood (Oxford, 1995), 283; Jacques Le Goff,
The Medieval Imagination
, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1988), 234. See also Torriano,
Proverbi
, 261.

64.
David P. French, comp.,
Minor English Poets, 1660–1780
;
A Selection from Alexander Chalmers’ The English Poets
(New York, 1967), II, 259; “Meditations on a Bed,”
US and WJ
, Feb. 5, 1737; Enid Porter,
The Folklore of East Anglia
(Totowa, N.J., 1974), 126–127; David Simpson,
A Discourse on Dreams and Night Visions; with Numerous Examples Ancient and Modern
(Macclesfield, Eng., 1791), 61.

65.
Hence the bluster of the Nazi Robert Ley: “The only person in Germany who still leads a private life is one who is asleep” (George Steiner,
No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1996
[London, 1996], 211); Augustine FitzGerald, ed.,
The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene
... (London, 1930), 345; Carlo Ginzburg,
The Night Battles: Witchcraft & Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries
, trans. John and Anne Tedeschi (London, 1983).

66.
RB
, VII, 11–12; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 148; Mercier,
Night Cap
, I, 4; Robert L. Van De Castle,
Our Dreaming Mind
(New York, 1994), 333–334.

67.
For “sleep behavior disorder,” see the communication from Jonathan Woolfson, Oct. 30, 1997, H-Albion; D. M. Moir, ed.,
The Life of Mansie Wauch: Tailor in Dalkeith
(Edinburgh, 1828), 273–274; Dement,
Promise of Sleep
, 208–211.

68.
Erika Bourguignon, “Dreams and Altered States of Consciousness in Anthropological Research,” in Francis L. K. Hsu, ed.,
Psychological Anthropology
(Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 403–434; Vilhelm Aubert and Harrison White, “Sleep: A Sociological Interpretation. I,”
Acta Sociologica
4 (1959), 48–49; Beryl Larry Bellman,
Village of Curers and Assassins: On the Production of Fala Kpelle Cosmological Categories
(The Hague, 1975), 165–178; Cora Du Bois,
The People of Alor: A Social-Psychological Study of an East Indian Island
(New York, 1961), I, 45–46.

69.
John Ashton, ed.,
Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1966), 85; Franklin,
Writings
, ed. Lemay, 118–122. See also Jan. 5, 1679, Josselin,
Diary
, 617.

70.
Sept. 16, 1745, Parkman,
Diary
, 124; “On Dreams,”
Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum
, 1776, 119–122; July 2, 1804, Drinker,
Diary
, III, 1753. See also Simpson
, Discourse on Dreams
, 59; John Robert Shaw,
An Autobiography of Thirty Years
,
1777–1807
, ed. Oressa M. Teagarden and Jeanne L. Crabtree (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), 131.

71.
Patricia Crawford, “Women’s Dreams in Early Modern England,”
History Workshop Journal
49 (2000), 140; “Titus Trophonius,” Oct. 4, 1712, Donald F. Bond, ed.,
The Spectator
(Oxford, 1965), V, 293–294; Karen Ordahl Kupperman,
Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America
(Ithaca, N.Y., 2000), 128–129; Cartwright, ed.,
Wentworth Papers
, 538; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 130.

72.
Lacey, “Hannah Heaton,” 286; Aug. 20, 1737, Kay,
Diary
, 12, 39; Mechal Sobel, “The Revolution in Selves: Black and White Inner Aliens,” in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds.,
Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997), 180–200; David Hackett Fischer,
Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America
(New York, 1989), 519.

73.
William Philips,
The Revengeful Queen
(London, 1698), 39; Jan. 1723, Wodrow,
Analecta
, ed. Leishman, III, 374;
SWA or LJ
, Sept. 3, 1770;
OBP
, June 4, 1783, 590.

74.
John Whaley,
A Collection of Original Poems and Translations
(London, 1745), 257; John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee,
Oedipus
(London, 1679), 14.

75.
Marcel Foucault,
Le Rêve: Études et Observations
(Paris, 1906), 169–170; Jan. 16, 1780, Joseph W. Reed and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell: Laird of Auchinleck
,
1778–1782
(New York, 1977), 169;
The New Art of Thriving; or, the Way to Get and Keep Money
... (Edinburgh, 1706); Van De Castle,
Dreaming Mind,
466.

76.
Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin,
The Physiology of Taste, or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy
, trans. M.F.K. Fisher (New York, 1949), 222; Wehr, “Clock for All Seasons,” 338; Wehr, “Changes in Nightlength,” 269–273; Personal communications from Wehr, Dec. 23, 31, 1996; Carter A. Daniel, ed.,
The Plays of John Lyly
(Lewisburg, Pa., 1988), 123; Breton,
Works
, II, 12; Barbara E. Lacey, ed.,
The World of Hannah Heaton: The Diary of an Eighteenth-Century New England Farm Woman
(DeKalb, Ill., 2003), 83; Aug. 20, 1737, Kay,
Diary
, 12, 39. Although less likely to be recalled and internalized, dream activity, of course, also occurred during “morning” or “second sleep” (Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost,” 382).

COCK-CROW

1.
GM
25 (1755), 57.

2.
M. De Valois d’Orville,
Les Nouvelles Lanternes
(Paris, 1746), 4; May 10, 1797, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 916; R.L.W.,
Journal of a Tour from London to Elgin Made About 1790
... (Edinburgh, 1897), 74; Hans-Joachim Voth,
Time and Work in England, 1750–1830
(Oxford, 2000), 67–69.

3.
Elkan Nathan Adler, ed.,
Jewish Travellers: A Treasury of Travelogues from 9 Centuries
(New York, 1966), 350; Robert Semple,
Observations on a Journey through Spain and Italy to Naples
... (London, 1808), II, 83; Humphrey Jennings,
Pandaemonium, 1660–1886: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers
(New York, 1985), 115;
Boston Newsletter
, Feb. 27, 1772; Duke de la Rochefoucault Liancourt,
Travels through the United States of North America
... (London, 1799), II, 380.

4.
PA
, July 15, 1762; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 650–655; James Sharpe,
Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750
(New York, 1996), 229–230, 257–275, 290–293; Alan Macfarlane,
The Culture of Capitalism
(Oxford, 1987), 79–82, 100–101.

5.
DUR
, Sept. 4, 1788;
SAS
, XII, 244; “Your Constant Reader,” and “A Bristol Conjuror,”
BC
, Feb. 17, 1762; “Crito,”
LEP
, Mar. 15, 1762; Jonathan Barry, “Piety and the Patient: Medicine and Religion in Eighteenth Century Bristol,” in Roy Porter, ed.,
Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society
(Cambridge, 1985), 160–161.

6.
Diary of James Robson, 1787, Add. Mss. 38837, fo. 9, BL; Winslow C. Watson, ed.,
Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, Including Journals of Travels
(New York, 1856), 96; Bryan Edwards, “Description of a Nocturnal Sky, as Surveyed Nearly Beneath the Line,”
Massachusetts Magazine
7 (1795), 370; “Valverdi,”
Literary Magazine
7 (1807), 449; Macfarlane,
Culture of Capitalism
, 80–81, 102–103. For the popularity of telescopes, see, for example, Nov. 12, 1720,
The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, M.D. ...
(London, 1882), I, 75; Sept. 30, 1756, J. B. Paul, ed.,
Diary of George Ridpath
(Edinburgh, 1910), 92; June 22, 1806, Drinker,
Diary
, III, 1940.

7.
M. D’Archenholz,
A Picture of England
... (London, 1789), I, 136; Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin,
Letters of a Russian Traveler, 1789–1790
... (New York, 1957), 181, 268; Mr. Pratt,
Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and Westphalia
(London, 1798), 167; Peter Borsay,
The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770
(Oxford, 1989), 22, 34.

8.
Torrington,
Diaries
, II, 195, 196, I, 20; John Henry Manners,
Journal of a Tour through North and South Wales
(London, 1805), 64; Gary Cross,
A Social History of Leisure since 1600
(State College, Pa., 1990), 59.

9.
James Essex,
Journal of a Tour through Part of Flanders and France in August 1773
, ed. W. M. Fawcett (Cambridge, 1888), 2.

10.
Pierre Goubert,
The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600–1750
, trans. Steve Cox (London, 1973), 223; William Edward Mead,
The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1972), 222, 359; Christopher Friedrichs,
The Early Modern City, 1450–1750
(London, 1995), 25.

11.
Midnight the Signal: In Sixteen Letters to a Lady of Quali
ty (London, 1779), I, 147, passim; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 744; Barbara DeWolfe Howe
, Discoveries of America: Personal Accounts of British Emigrants to North America during the Revolutionary Era
(Cambridge, 1997), 217; Pinkerton,
Travels
, II, 790.

12.
US and WJ
, Oct. 13, 1733;
A Humorous Description of the Manners and Fashions of Dublin
(Dublin, 1734), 5;
The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz
... (London, 1739), I, 411; Robert Anderson,
The Works of John Moore, M.D. ...
(Edinburgh, 1820), 171; Roy Porter,
The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment
(New York, 2000), 435–436; Peter Clark,
British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800: The Origins of an Associational World
(Oxford, 2000).

13.
British Journal
, Sept. 12, 1730.

14.
Henry Fielding,
An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings
, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Middletown, Ct., 1988), 231;
LC
, Sept. 9, 1758, Mar. 19, 1785; J. Hanway,
Letter to Mr. John Spranger
... (London, 1754), 34; Fréderique Pitou, “Jeunesse et Désordre Social: Les ‘Coureurs de Nuit’ à Laval au XVIIIe Siècle,”
Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
47 (2000), 70;
G & NDA
, Nov. 27, 1767; Horace Walpole,
Correspondence with Sir Horace Mann
, ed. W. S. Lewis et al. (New Haven, 1967), VIII, 47; Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, “The State, the Community and the Criminal Law in Early Modern Europe,” in V.A.C. Gatrell et al., eds.,
Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500
(London, 1980), 38; J. Paul De Castro,
The Gordon Riots
(London, 1926); Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776
(Oxford, 1971), 300–303.