At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (77 page)

Gamester, The
(Shirley), 224

gangs:

of burglars, 37, 38–39

of libertines, 224–26

see also
youth gangs

“Gardy-loo!” warning, 28

Gauguin, Paul, 4

Gay, John, 44, 125, 134, 143

geese, as watchers, 96

Gelasius, Pope, 69

Gelsi, Giovanni, 235

Geneva:

broken pavements of, 27

burglaries in, 38

city gates of, 63

murder of domestic intruders in, 87

night’s darkness as sacred in, 74

nightwatch of, 82

vagrants in, 65

Gentleman, The
(Steele), 218

Gentleman’s Magazine,
166–67, 216, 324

George II, King of England, 321

Germany, 15, 16, 23, 97

Beisetzungs
in, 213

bundling in, 198, 202

Bundschuh
disturbances in, 54–55

burglaries in, 39, 41

candle magic in, 101

Diebeskerze
in, 42

fireraising in, 54–55

lichtbraten
in, 162

murders in, 43

Nickel List gang in, 41

nightwatch in, 76

passion plays in, 70

rushlights in, 108

Schlafdrincke
in, 271

Sperrgeld
in, 63

spinning in, 164

Spinnstuben
in, 178, 179, 183,
195

Strassen räubers
in, 36

werewolves of, 19

white witchcraft in, 98

Wirthaus
of, 187

witch hunts of, 20

youth gangs in,246

ghettos, Jewish, 65

ghosts, 16, 17, 20–21, 64, 120, 140–42, 246, 280, 336

abodes of, 19

agendas of, 18–19

declining belief in, 325–26

of dogs, 19

at gibbets, 141–42

in haunted houses, 19, 140–41, 325

impersonation of, 41, 243, 256

ghost stories, 3, 5, 120–21, 180, 256

gibbets (gallows), 41, 141–42

Gillot, Claude,
22

Ginn, Richard, 92

“giving the wall,” 45

Glasgow, 48, 113

glass makers, 73, 125, 161

Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, 68–69, 228

glovemakers, 156

Glückel of Hameln, 114

goats, eyes of, 90

goddesses of night, 4

Godly Forme of Household Government, A
(Cleaver), 110

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 26, 71, 154, 160

Goffe, Thomas, 217

Goldsmith, Oliver, 231–32, 267

goldsmiths, 156

“Good Ale for My Money,” 189

Gordon Riots, 330

Gowing, Sarah, 192

Graf von Redern, Sigismund Ehrenreich, 322

Gratarolo, Guglielmo, 265

gravediggers, 167–68

grave robbers, 237

great cloaks, 136

great coats, 136, 137, 242

Great Unwashed, The,
334

Greeks, ancient, 4, 5

Greene, Robert, 14

Gregory, James, 112

Gregory XVI, Pope, 335

Grendel, 20

Grisoni, Giuseppe,
215

Grocers’ Company of London, 186

Grose, Francis, 140

Grunewald, Matthias,
17

guardiani di notte,
76

Guazzo, Francesco Maria, 307

Guernsey, 126–27, 178, 195, 247

guilds, 64, 75, 252

nocturnal labor prohibited by, 156

Guillaumin, Émile, xxvii

G/wi people, 303

gypsies, 55, 63,
232

hackney coaches, 137, 193

Hale, Sir Matthew, 16, 85

Haler, Batt, 193

Hales-Burley gang, 38

Hall, Joseph, 262

Hamilton, Dr. Alexander, 217, 244

Hamilton, Dr. Andrew, 296

Hamlet
(Shakespeare), 140

Hamlet, William, 94

hand-rattles, 77

Hands of Glory, 41–42

Hanging, Not Punishment Enough,
37

Hanover Succession Crisis, 228

Hanway, Jonas, 15, 330

Hardy, Thomas, xxvii, 91, 237

hare sleep, 267–68

Harrison, William, 95, 96, 152, 274, 277, 301

Harrower, John, 294

harvest, 169–70,
169,
171

harvest moon, 171

harvest suppers, 254–55

Harvey, Audley, 116

Harwood, Hiram, 168

haunted houses, 19, 140–41, 325

“Haunted Mind, The” (Hawthorne), 311

Haven of Health, The
(Cogan), 263

Hawkhurst gang, 242

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 311

Heap, Moses, 180

hearing, sense of, 9, 132, 192, 292

Heaton, Hannah, 291–92, 321, 323

Hectors gang, 225

Hegen family, death of, 268,
269

Heimbach, Wolfgang,
212

Hélias, Pierre-Jakez, 181–82

hell, 8, 16, 316

Heller, Isaac, 280

Heming, Edmund, 72

Henry III, King of France, 216, 226

Henry IV, Part 1
(Shakespeare), 226

Henry V
(Shakespeare), 286

Henry VIII, King of England, 213, 216, 230

in aristocratic gang, 226

bedtime ritual of, 271

Heraclitus, 300

Herbert, George, 9, 84, 151, 268, 298, 306

heretics, 151, 228

Herrick, Robert, 130

Hervey, James, 44

Heylyn, Peter, 192

Heywood, Rev. Oliver, 10, 25, 33, 118, 229, 312

Hicks, Mary, 136

highwaymen, 34–36, 39, 40, 141

Hill, Thomas, 313

Hilleström, Pehr,
159

Hippocrates, 265, 271, 313

History of the Pleas of the Crown
(Hale), 85

Hobbes, Thomas, 31

hobgoblins, 16, 23

Hogarth, William,
29,
35,
219,
221,
251,
277,
289

Holberg, Ludvig Baron, 31, 50, 79

Holcroft, Thomas, 122

Holland, 38–39, 186–87

Homer, 3, 303

homes, 36–37, 63–64, 74, 90–117, 118–19, 131, 201, 203, 220, 334

alarm devices in, 94

arsenals of, 94–95

artificial illumination in, 100–111

curfews in, 233

defensive function of, 91–97;
see also
burglaries, burglars

door locks of, 37, 79–80, 92–93

doors of, 91–93, 99, 293

folk magic practiced in, 97–101

gateposts of, 99

geese in, 96

hiding places in, 94

landlords of, 85

lanterns outside, as street lighting, 67–68

mishaps in, 28

murder of intruders in, 87–88, 95, 199

navigating in darkness of, 110

night noises in, 34, 37, 291, 293–94

night-spells and, 98–99

nocturnal labor in, 158, 163–64, 173–74, 178–84, 305–6

partitioned rooms in, 274

plague and, 230

privacy in, 150

rats and mice in, 52, 293

religious faith in, 97

sacramentals at entrances of, 99

shutting in of, xxxii, 91–93, 138, 268

of squatters, 238

thresholds of, 92, 100

valuables in, 93–94

vandalism of, 246

watchdogs of, 95–97

see also
fireplaces; neighbors, mutual support of; windows

Homo Homini Demon,
31

homosexuals, 230, 231, 281

“Honest Ploughman, The,” 128–29

honor, male cult of, 44, 217

Hood, Thomas, 130

Horneck, Rev. Anthony, 306, 307

Horse Dance, The,
211

horses, 18, 24, 26, 34, 64, 131–32, 137, 170

horseshoe amulets, 98, 99

housebreaking, 37, 38, 87,
96

“How Five and Twenty Shillings were Expended in a Week,” 295

Howitt, William, 140, 178–79, 181

Hubert, Francis, 312

hue and cry, 75, 115

Hügel, Conrad, 183

Hugo, Victor, 336

Huguenots, 228

Hull, John M., 132

Humphry Clinker
(Smollett), 212

Hungary, 19

hunter’s moon, 171

Husbandmans Calling, The
(Steele), 8

Hutton, William, 103–4, 145

Huygens, Constantijn, 120

“Hymn to Darkness” (Yalden), 282

Iago, 48

Ibo people, 4

Iceland, 109, 178, 181

Ignatius, 59

ignis fatuus,
18

Iliad
(Homer), 4

illnesses, 16, 112–14, 270, 297

doctors and, 64, 65, 113

dreams and, 316

feigning of, 249

medications for, 112–13, 305

ministers and, 113

moon’s influence on, 12

from nightfall’s noxious vapors, 12–15

of respiratory tract, 14, 288

shut windows and, 14–15

sleep disturbed by, 288–89, 297

sun’s impact on, 14

watchers of, 113–14

as worsened at night, 14–15, 288–89, 290

immune systems, 14

Indians, American, 95

candlewood used by, 109

English visit of, 225–26

and fear of darkness, 5

fire-hunting of, 241

industrialization, 6, 327–28

Industrial Revolution, 6, 84, 110

infants, 21, 26, 278

births of, 113

conception of, 183

crib deaths of, 292

maternal abandonment of, 237

stillborn, magical properties of, 41–42

unborn, extraction of, 42

see also
children

influenza, 14

Ingham, Abram, 297

inns, 187, 223, 242

clientele of, 188

insects, 288, 294–95,
295,
297–98

Interpretation of Dreams, The
(Artemidorus of Ephesus), 313

Ireland, 146

anti-Irish street mobs and, 254

aristocratic gangs in, 224

arson in, 55

banshees of, 19

bundling in, 198

castle sentries of, 79

communal beds in, 278–79

communal labor in, 178, 179

earthen floors as beds of, 276–77

fairies in, 18

folk magic in, 98

funeral wakes in, 194

Gaelic of, xxxii

insurgents in, 257, 258

peat as fuel in, 103

pilfering in, 240

robberies in, 34

rushlights in, 111

St. John’s Eve in, 140

storytelling in, 179, 180

tallow candles in, 106

thief’s candles in, 42

iron foundries, 161, 175, 327

Irving, Washington, 247

Isham, Thomas, 247

Isle of Man, 162, 242, 328

Italy, xxxi, 14, 20, 42, 43, 69

andatores di notte
in, 32

aristocratic gangs in, 224–25

armed peasants in, 142

bad roads of, 26

beccamòrti
of, 167

benandanti
cult of, 319

briganti
in, 36

carrying weapons banned in, 66

communal labor in, 177

fishing in, 171

forests of, 23–24

May Day in, 152

murders in, 44

murder weapons in, 43

night courts of, 85

night guards in, 62

nottolónes
in, 245

paid assassins in, 44

shepherds of, 172

youth gangs in, 245, 247, 249

Jackson, Hester, 192–93

Jacobites, 228

Jacobzoon, Woulter, 157, 237

Jamaica, 174, 176–77, 246, 257

Jamerey-Duval, Valentin, 123

James, Nicholas, 298

James I, King of England, 15

James II, King of England, 224

Jeake, Samuel, 26–27, 271

Jefferson, Thomas, 310

Jerome, 59

Jerusalem, 4

Jessop, Arthur, 24

Jesus Christ, 4

Jewell, Joseph, 242, 243

Jews, 256

badges of shame worn by, 151

crypto-, 228

curfews of, 65

marital sexual activity of, 308

mezuzas
of, 99

Torah studied by, 206–7

“Jinny Green-Teeth,” 17–18

Job, Book of, 193

John, Gospel According to, 4, 155

John George III, Elector of Saxony, 213

John of the Cross, Saint, 59, 302

Johnson, Samuel, 44, 47, 136, 150, 218, 262, 285–86, 325

Johnston, Lady Charlotte, 222

Jolly, Thomas, 229, 316

Jonson, Ben, 292

Jordaens, Jacob,
315

Josselin, Rev. Ralph, 51, 112, 314, 315, 317

Joubert, Laurent, 12–13, 308–9

Journal of the Plague Year
(Defoe), 167

Jubb, Thomas, 305

Judges, Book of, 303

Julius III, Pope, 71

Juvenal, 5

Kanaka people, 4

Kay, Richard, 323

kelpies, 18

Ken, Thomas, 306

Key, John, 31–32

King, William, 318

King and the Cobbler, The,
226

knitting bees,
see
spinning and knitting bees

Knyveton, John, 142

Kyd, Thomas, 33

labor, nocturnal, 155–84

advantages of, 175–83

artificial illumination of, 156, 161–63, 174

communal, 177–84

in disposal of dead bodies, 167–68

of farmers,
see
farmers

fatiguing effects of, 174–75

of fishermen, 160, 171, 177

as form of social control, 156

in guarding against thieves, 172

in homes, 158, 163–64, 173–74, 178–84, 305–6

irregular work patterns in, 157–58

livestock care in, 121, 170

by moonlight, 162, 171, 172, 173, 174

municipal regulations against, 155–56

of nightmen, 165–67,
166

for personal gain, 176–77

pilfering aided by, 175

of private guards, 165

relaxed supervision of, 175, 178

sexual misconduct aided by, 175

of shepherds, 171–72

of tradesmen, 156–63

weather forecasting as, 170–71

of working poor, 158–60, 164

Lackington, James, 235

Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 302