Liwa t, is narrower than homosexuality in another sense. In the four Sunni schools of law, it referred specifically to anal intercourse rather than to “homosexual” acts in general. Kissing, caressing, and intercrural intercourse between males were considered reprehensible acts that merited chastisement, but were not cases of liwa t. 117 The standard manuals on Islamic law were quite explicit about this point. An authoritative Sha fi‘i manual thus defined fornication ( zina ) as “the illicit insertion of the penis into a vagina” ( i la j al-dhakar bi-farj muḥarram ), and added that inserting the penis into “the male or female anus is as [inserting it into] the vagina, according to the school” ( wa dubur dhakar wa untha ka-qubul ʿala al-madhhab ) . It went on to state that hadd punishments did not apply in the case of intercrural intercourse ( mufa khadhah ) and other things that do not involve penetration (mimma la i la j fīhi)