Before the Storm (104 page)

66 For quotes from platforms, see Kirk Harold Porter,
National Party Platforms, 1840-1964
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966).

 

69 The “Flopnik” headline is in Jeremy Isaacs and Taylor Downing,
Cold War: An Illustrated History, 1945-1991
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 156.

69 Human Events background: Justus D. Doenecke,
Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era
(Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Press, 1979), 39; Edward Cain,
They'd Rather Be Right: Youth and the Conservative Movement
(New York: Macmillan, 1963), 143; and author interviews with Allan Ryskind and Scott Stanley.

70 Student Committee for the Loyalty Oath: A. Whitney Griswold, “ ‘Loyalty': An Issue of Academic Freedom,” NYTM, December 20, 1959; John A. Andrew III,
The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 26-27; and Gregory Schneider,
Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right
(New York: NYU Press, 1999), 20-23 (193-94 quotes oath).

70 The Harvard chapter petition is noted in Rebecca E. Klatch,
A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and
the
1960s
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 18. The figure of thirty campuses is from Dallek, “Young Americans for Freedom, 1960-1964” (master's thesis, Columbia University, 1993), 4. TNR article is Gerald W. Johnson, “An Outburst of Servility,” February 8, 1960.

70
“I can't think of any of our students”:
Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
27.

70 My main biographical source for Buckley is John B. Judis,
William F. Buckley, Jr
.:
Patron Saint of the Conservatives
(New York: Touchstone, 1990). The profile of Buckley Sr. is drawn from 18-34.

71 Buckley and Bozell's relationship: ibid., 55-59.

71 Buckley's fight against the student council: ibid., 63. Henry Wallace prank: ibid., 64.

71
One attacked a popular anthropology professor:
ibid., 67-68. Buckley's valedictory lecture is on 11-12.

72 Yale's attempts to suppress, then discredit
God and Man at Yale:
ibid., 90-94. I owe my interpretation of
McCarthy and Its Enemies
to Judis,
William F. Buckley,
105-6.

72 My sources for ISI are Cain,
They'd Rather Be Right,
147-69; Richard Whalen,
Taking Sides: A Personal View of America from Kennedy to Nixon to Kennedy
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 113-16; E. Victor Milione, “Ideas in Action: Forty Years of ‘Educating for Liberty,' ”
Intercollegiate Review
(Fall 1993); ISI announcement in WFBJ, Box 8/Ibele-Into; the pamphlets in JCJ, including n.a.,
The ISI Story in Brief,
Admiral Ben Moreell,
The Several Faces of Communism,
and Frederich A. Hayek,
Economic Myths of Early Capitalism;
and author interviews
with M. Stanton Evans and Carol Dawson, two leaders who attribute their original involvement in conservatism to ISI. The Lippmann quote is in Whalen,
Taking Sides,
115. Milione, an ISI founder, traced his inspiration from Friedrich Hayek's “The Intellectuals and Socialism,”
University of Chicago Law Review
(Spring 1949): “The main lesson which the true liberal must learn from the success of the socialists is that it was their courage to be Utopian which gained them the support of the intellectuals and therefore an influence on public opinion which is daily making possible what only recently seemed utterly remote.”

73 The story of Buckley and Schlamm and the founding of NR is in Judis,
William F. Buckley,
114-27.
The Freeman
and its crackup: William Rusher,
The Rise of the Right
(New York: Morrow, 1984), 33-35. NR business plan is in Rusher,
Rise of the Right,
43-44.

73 Buckley's fund-raising tour: Judis,
William F. Buckley,
118-21; and author interview with William F. Buckley.

73 The
Harper's
review, from the March 1956 issue, is quoted in Rusher,
Rise of the Right,
47. For similar reviews, see ibid., 47-51. For “practical liberal” and “fighting conservative,” see Christopher Matthews,
Kennedy and Nixon: The Rivalry That Shaped Postwar America
(New York: Touchstone, 1996), 17. For Viereck, see E. J. Dionne Jr.,
Why Americans Hate Politics
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 168-69; for Worsthorne, ibid., 173.

74 Mike Wallace interview: Judis,
William F. Buckley,
163.

74
“We are an opposition”
: Rusher,
Rise of the Right,
50.

75
“Would tax the dialectical agility”:
Whalen,
Taking Sides,
95. My interpretation of postwar conservative intellectualism is indebted to James Allen Smith,
The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite
(New York: Free Press, 1991), 170-74.

75 For the Midwest Federation of College Republicans, see Schneider,
Cadres for Conservatism,
27; and Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
27. For Youth for Goldwater for Vice President, see Marvin Liebman,
Coming Out Conservative: An Autobiography
(San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1992), 146; Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
27-31; Schneider,
Cadres for Conservatism,
27-30; Lee Edwards,
Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution
(Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1995), 135; and Dallek, “Young Americans for Freedom, 1960-1964,” 4-5.

75 Rusher on Blue and White Nile quoted in Lisa McGirr, “Suburban Warriors: Grass-Roots Conservatism in the 1960s” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1995), 151. “Catacombs” quote in Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
27.

76 On the South Carolina convention, see F. Clifton White with William Gill,
Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement
(New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1967), 20; Stephen Shadegg,
What Happened to Goldwater?: The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 30; and Brophy to Manion, March 26, 1959, CM, Box 70/2.

76 Progress of BMG column: Shadegg to Manion, March 24, 1960, CM, Box 70/2. BMG meeting with Nixon: Shadegg,
What Happened, 30. “In the last six weeks Dick”: Andrew, Other Side of the Sixties,
46.

76 For spring 1960 Cold War scares, see Theodore H. White,
The Making of the President 1960
(New York: Atheneum, 1961), 128-29, 168.

77 NAR's bomb shelter obsession is detailed in Frank Gervasi, The
Real Rockefeller: The Story of the Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of the Presidential Aspirations of Nelson Rockefeller
(New York: Atheneum, 1964), 43; and Michael Kramer and Sam Roberts, “I
Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!”: An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller
(New York: Basic Books, 1976), 219 (for quote). For the Special Studies Fund reports on defense, see Cary Reich,
The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908-1958
(New York: Doubleday, 1996), 663-66; “Arms Rise Urged Lest Reds Seize Lead in 2 Years,” WP, January 6, 1957; and Chesly Manly, “Anti-Red Federation Urged by Rockefeller,” CT, October 4, 1961.

77 For the U2 intelligence and secrecy, see David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York: Fawcett, 1993), 621-25; and Isaacs and Downing, Cold
War,
157. Republicans' attempts to still NAR's insurgency are in White,
Making of the President 1960,
198.
“I hate the thought of Dick Nixon”
: Kramer and Roberts, “I
Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!,”
222. NAR had worked to keep Nixon from campaigning for him in New York in 1958; see Reich,
Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller,
758.

78 The failure of the summit and NAR's ensuing maneuverings are in Kramer and Roberts,
“I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!,”
227; White,
Making of the President 1960,
200-201 (for NAR's statement); Nicol C. Rae,
The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 42; and James Desmond,
Nelson Rockefeller: A Political Biography
(New York: Macmillan, 1964), 256-61.

79 Percy's trip to New York, the floor-fight threat, and Nixon's assurances are in White,
Making of the President 1960,
210-11.

79 For the Republican National Convention generally, see Paul Tillett, ed.,
Inside Politics: The National Conventions, 1960
(Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1962), 53-83. Goldwater's appearance before the platform committee is described in White with Gill,
Suite 3505,
21. Text in Stephen Shadegg,
Barry Goldwater: Freedom Is His Flight Plan
(New York: MacFadden, 1963), 183-89. The Ford Foundation testimony is in White,
Making of the President 1960,
212.

79 The Chicago scene is set from White,
Making of the President 1960,
206-7. For Rustin's presence, see Tillett,
Inside Politics.

80 My interpretation on the golden age of political conventions is drawn from Alan Brinkley, “The Taming of the Political Convention,” in Brinkley,
Liberalism and Its Discontents
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 249-65. For Stevenson demonstration, see White,
Making of the President 1960
, 180-83.

80 NAR's secret monitoring and press statement is in White,
Making of the President 1960,
212-15. For his headquarters, see Desmond,
Nelson Rockefeller,
271.

81 NAR's demand for a New York meeting and Nixon's decision to kowtow is in White,
Making of the President 1960,
215.

81 Nixon's journey to Fifth Avenue is narrated in White, 215-16; and Kramer and Roberts,
“I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!,”
230-35.

81 For NAR's townhouse, see Tracie Rozhon, “A Rockefeller Fixer-Upper,” NYT, October 14, 1999; and Reich,
Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller,
122-23 and 151-52.

82 For the meeting, see White,
Making of the President 1960,
216-17. Herb Klein's denial is on page 216. The “Compact of Fifth Avenue” is reproduced in White, 424-26.

82 Nixon's ignoring hints to pay attention to conservatives: Shadegg,
What Happened,
30; Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
44-48; Schneider,
Cadres for Conservatism,
27-29; Robert Alan Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), 143-45; NYT, July 24, 1960 (noting that Goldwater's views were “privately expressed by many influential Republican conservatives supporting the Nixon candidacy”); and
Newsweek
profile of Goldwater, July 4, 1960. Welch postcard is in Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater,
144. National Youth for Goldwater flyer is in ML, Box 29/Barry Goldwater.
“We have worked”:
Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
298.
“Thousands and thousands of people”
: ibid., 45.

83
Nixon took it all in:
Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater,
144.
“They are against any change”:
Andrew,
Other Side of the Sixties,
45. The 1 percent statistic is from Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater,
143.

83
The hottest ticket that weekend:
author interview with Phyllis Schlafly; and Peter Carol,
Famous in America: The Passion to Succeed: Jane Fonda, George Wallace, Phyllis Schlafly John Glenn
(New York: Dutton, 1995). Youth for Goldwater for Vice President's activities is from Dallek, “Young Americans for Freedom, 1960-1964,” 5.
Doug Caddy talked like a power broker:
Russell Baker, NYT, July 23, 1960.
On newsstands:
Barry Goldwater, “How to Win in '60: No Mollycoddling ,”
Newsweek,
August 1, 1960.

84 Breaking of Compact of Fifth Avenue news: Shadegg,
What Happened,
31; NYT, July 24, 1960; White,
Making of the President 1960,
217-18. Len Hall's reaction is in Barry Goldwater,
With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of United States Senator Barry M. Goldwater
(New York: William Morrow, 1979), 112.

84 BMG's sense of betrayal is in Goldwater,
With No Apologies,
110-12. BMG's sometimes naive, blinding trust in those close to him is discussed in Goldberg,
Barry Goldwater,
30. Nixon had also broken a promise to endorse a right-to-work plank in the platform. See Barry Goldwater with Jack Casserly,
Goldwater
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1988), 256.

85
“This might cost Nixon the election!”:
Goldwater,
With No Apologies,
112.

85 BMG's press conference: ibid., 112; NYT, July 24, 1960; White,
Making of the President 1960,
112; and Shadegg,
What Happened,
31.

85 Press release of the “Munich” speech is in ML, Box 27.

85
“This man is a two-fisted, four-square liar”:
Goldwater with Casserly,
Goldwater,
256.

85 For NAR's snub of his fans, see White,
Making of the President 1960,
203-5.

85 The pickets against the Compact of Fifth Avenue on Michigan Avenue are pictured in NYT, July 25, 1960, A1.

86 The story of John Tower and the battle in the civil rights platform subcommittee
is told in detail in Karl A. Lamb, “Civil Rights and the Republican Platform: Nixon Achieves Control,” in Tillett,
Inside Politics,
53-83. See also White,
Making of the President 1960,
218-24.