Between the Alps and a Hard Place (30 page)

13
Union Bank of Switzerland Annual Report, 1042, p. 9, quoted in
Bergier Commission Report
, 157.

14
Swiss National Bank archives, meeting of February 29, 1940, #164, p. 71, quoted in
Bergier Commission Report
, 64.

15
Bergier Commission Report
, 64–68.

16
Quoted in
Bergier Commission Report
, 32.

17
Thomas McKittrick, an American official of the Bank of International Settlements, estimated in 1946 that the Reichsbank's gold stock prior to the acquisition of gold from Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg amounted to 2.1 billion Swiss francs (Marguerat, 143).

18
Gordon and Dangerfield, 169.

19
Eizenstat report, 196.

20
For a thorough exploration of this myth see Chapter 2 of Nicholas Faith,
Safety in Numbers
(New York: Viking, 1982).

1
See, for example, Nathaniel C. Nash, “Swiss Raise Hopes of Tracing Lost War Deposits,”
New York Times
, August 3, 1995, p. A3.

2
Edgar Bronfman,
The Making of a Jew
(New York: Putnam, 1996).

3
Wall Street Journal
, January 12, 2000, p. A22.

4
Leslie Wayne, “Trial Lawyers Pour Money Into Democrats' Chests,”
New York Times
, March 23, 2000, p. A1.

5
New York Times
, News of the Week in Review, March 25, 2000.

6
This is the position of, among others, former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich. See “Don't Democrats Believe in Democracy?”
Wall Street Journal
, January 12, 2000, p. A22.

7
Alan Feuer, “2 Brooklyn Lawyers Outline a Court Patronage System,”
New York Times
, January 5, 2000.

8
Stuart Eizenstat, Letter to the Editor,
Wall Street Journal,
June 5, 2000, p. A33.

9
John Auters
et al.
, “Banks Pay a High Price for Putting the Past Behind Them,”
Financial Times
, September 9, 1998, p. 4.

10
Author's interview with Richard Capone, January 18, 1999.

11
John J. Goldman, “Holocaust Survivors Urge OK of Bank Claim Deal,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 30, 1998, p. 14.

12
Marilyn Henry, “Swiss Holocaust Agreement Finalized. . . .”
Jerusalem Post
, January 24, 1999, p. 4.

13
Barry Miller, “Jewish Groups Fight Over Spoils of Swiss Case,”
New York Times
, November 29, 1998, p. 1.

14
Charles Krauthammer, “Stop the Holocaust Treasure Hunter”
Jerusalem Post
, December 7, 1998, p. 8.

15
Volcker report, pp. 12–13.

16
Ibid.
, 20–21.

17
Michael Hirsh, “What's Taking So Long?”
Newsweek
, April 13, 1998, p. 49.

18
Goldman, 14.

19
Among many reports on Swiss public opinion on this matter, see Bernard D. Kapolan, “Holocaust Gold Becomes Political Football,”
Nando Times News
, August 16, 1997.

20
Luzi Stamm,
Der Kniefall Der Schweitz
(Zofinger Tagblatt, 1999) and Yves Fricker
et al.
,
La Suisse Face à l'Empire Américain
(Journal de Genève, 1997).

21
Christoph Blocher, “Switzerland and the Eizenstat Report,” speech given at a function organized by the Swiss People's Party of the canton of Bern, June 21, 1997.

22
New York Times
, News of the Week in Review, September 13, 1998, p. 1.

23
David E. Sanger, “Germany Approves New Plan to Pay Holocaust Victims,”
New York Times
, February 10, 1999, p. A10.

24
Edmund Andrews, “Germany Accepts $5.1 Billion Accord to End Claims of Nazi Slave Workers,”
New York Times
, December 18, 1999, p. A10.

1
This idea—that America was a danger to the world, and that the defeat in Vietnam had been necessary to exorcise that danger—was precisely the thesis of a volume edited by Anthony Lake, a pillar of U.S. foreign policy in the Nixon, Carter, and Clinton administrations. In fact, the idea had become
the conventional wisdom of Lake's class by the time of President Jimmy Carter's 1977 speech at Notre Dame that the defeat in Vietnam had enabled America to rediscover its own values.

2
Lawrence F. Kaplan, “The Selling of American Foreign Policy,”
The Weekly Standard
, April 23, 1997, pp. 19–22.

Aare valley

absolute contraband

Abyssinia

accommodation: Federal Council and; Pilet Golaz and; resistance vs.; Switzerland and

Adenauer, Konrad

Aktion Nationaler Widerstand
(National Resistance Movement)

Albright, Madeleine

Allies: blockades of; economic relationships of; economic warfare of; economic weapons of; German assets and; gold trade and; intelligence and; neutrals and; Swiss franc and; Swiss merchandise trade and; Switzerland's neutrality and

Alpine redoubt: aircraft and; Federal Council and; German invasion of Switzerland and; Guisan and; military rebuilding and; Pilet Golaz and; Swiss defense of; Wille and

Altermath, Pierre

America; Allied trade with; democracy in; economic sanctions of; foreign policy of; German assets and; guns in; image of Switzerland in; immigration and; intelligence in; international affairs and; Jewish refugees and; merchandise trade and; neutrality of; neutral rights to trade and; rule of law and; Swiss franc and; Swiss public opinion of; Vietnam and

Andermatt

anti-Americanism

Anti-Defamation League

anti-Swiss campaign: Bronfman and; class action lawsuits and; Clinton administration and; costs to U.S. of; Hevesi and; power in; as propaganda; as pseudo event; resolution of; significance of; Swiss public opinion of; WJC and.
See also
settlement agreement; Swiss banks; Switzerland

Argentina

Army and Hearth

Athenians

Athens

Auschwitz

Austria:
Anschluss
of; Clinton administration campaign against; freedom of the press and; Germany and; Nazi subversion in; professional armies of

Austro-Hungarian empire

Austro-Prussian War

Axis powers: economic war against; gold and; military encirclement by; neutrals and; Swiss franc and; Switzerland and

Azores

balance of power: economic relationships and; international affairs and; military deterrence and; neutrality and; politics and; value of currencies and; weak and; in World War II, xii

Balkans

Bankers' Trust Company

Bank of International Settlements

Banque de France

Barbey, Samuel

Barth, Karl

Basel

Battle of the Atlantic

Beer, Greta

Begin, Menachem

Belgium; claims on German assets of; German assault on France and; German defeat of; Swiss merchandise trade and

Ben-Gurion, David

Berchtesgaden

Berezina River

Berlin

Berly, Hans

Bermuda conference of 1943

Bern

Bernese Oberland

Bible

Black Forest

Black Orchestra

Blocher, Christoph

Blockade Division

Boer War

Bofors

Bohle, Gauleiter

Bolsheviks

Bonaparte, Napoleon

Bonn

Boorstin, Daniel

Bosnia

Boxer, Barbara

Brennus

Bretton Woods Resolution VI

Brig

Britain; apparent German defeat of; blockade of 1939 of; coal sales of; German assets and; Jewish refugees and; neutral rights to trade and; Swiss franc and; Swiss merchandise trade and; war against Zulus of

Bronfman, Edgar: anti-Swiss campaign and; Democratic Party and; Eizenstat report and; governmental power of; political contributions of; power of; reparations from Swiss government and; WJC and

Bush, George

Caesar, Julius

California

Camarina

Canada

Canaris, Wilhelm

Capone, Richard

Carter, Jimmy

Castro, Fidel

Catholic Conservative Party

Celio, Enrico

censorship.
See
freedom of the press

Charité Sur Loire

China

Christian Democratic Party

Chur

Churchill, Winston: democracy and; Hitler and; image of Switzerland of; military power and; Switzerland's role in World War II and; war and

Cincinnatus

Cisalpine Republic

civic virtues

Claims Resolution Tribunal

class action lawsuits: anti-Swiss campaign and; big business of; Cuomo and; Democratic Party and; gun ownership and; industry and; plaintiffs in; process in; without trial

Clinton, Bill: Bronfman's political contributions to; campaign against Germany and; Eizenstat report and; reparations from Swiss government and; Switzerland's role in World War II and; WJC and

Clinton administration: anti-Swiss campaign and; attack on Germany by; foreign policy and; Joint Statement and; reparations from Swiss government and; settlement agreement and; Switzerland and

Cold War

Cologne

Communism

Communists

compensation goods

conditional contraband

“Conflict in the Balkans: Serbian Strategy,” xiv

Congress

Congress of Vienna

counterespionage

Credit Suisse

Cuba

Cuomo, Andrew

Currie, Lauchlin

Czechoslovakia: freedom of the press and; Nazi subversion in

D'Amato, Alfonse: anti-Swiss campaign and; Bronfman's political contributions to; Eizenstat report and; reparations from Swiss government and; Switzerland's role in World War II and

Dangerfield, Royden

Daniker, Gustav

Dante

Davis, Gray

Death Row Records

de Gaulle, Charles

Delamuraz, Jean Pascal

De Lattre

democracy; in America; people and; political parties and; in Switzerland; virtue of; war and

Democratic Party: Bronfman's contributions to; of Brooklyn; careerism of; class action lawsuits and; Swiss banks and

Demosthenes

Denmark

Depression

de Rougemont, Denis

deterrence

Deutsche Bank

Discourses
(Machiavelli)

District of Columbia

Division of Press and Radio

DNB (
Deutsches Nachrichten Büro
)

dollar zone

Donovan, William

Dora ring

Dresden

Dulles, Allen

Eben Emael

economic autarchy

economic liberalism

“economic refugee,”

economics: balance of power and; immigration and; international; Montesquieu and; neutrality and; war and; World War II and

economic warfare

Edict of Nantes

Egypt

Eisenhower administration

Eizenstat, Stuart: settlement agreement and; Switzerland's role in World War II and; unclaimed Swiss bank accounts and

Eizenstat report: American image of Switzerland and; Bronfman's anti-Swiss campaign and; campaign against Germany and; Clinton and; German assets and

El Alamein

England

equidistance

Europe: Germany's conquest of; liberalism in; Nazi Germany's dominance in; neutrals of; Swiss differences from; wealth in Swiss banks of

European Free Trade Area

European Parliament (Strasbourg)

European Union

Evangelischer Pressdienst
(Protestant press service)

Evian conference of 1938

Ezekiel

Fagan, Edward D.

Farmers, Workers, and Citizens Party

Fascist Italy.
See
Italy

Federal Council: accommodation and; Alpine redoubt and; army's political role and; economic concessions of; freedom of the press and; full powers of; gold trade and; Guisan and; immigration and; Jewish refugees and; makeup of; Nazi subversion and; political parties and; settlement agreement and; Socialist Party and; Socialist Party in; Swiss independence and; Swiss intelligence and; Swiss merchandise trade and; Switzerland's government and

Federal Military Department

Feldmann, Markus

Finance and Customs Department

Finland

Finlandization

Finletter, Thomas K.