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CHAPTER 10
1
Seattle Times news services, “8 U.S. Troops Killed in Iraqi Shiite Revolt Anti-U.S. Cleric’s Backers Riot; Coalition Calls in Jets, Copters; In Separate Action Today, Marines Move to Retake Control of Fallujah,”
Seattle Times,
April 5, 2004.
Seattle Times news services, “8 U.S. Troops Killed in Iraqi Shiite Revolt Anti-U.S. Cleric’s Backers Riot; Coalition Calls in Jets, Copters; In Separate Action Today, Marines Move to Retake Control of Fallujah,”
Seattle Times,
April 5, 2004.
2
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
3
Pamela Constable, “Marines, Insurgents Battle for Sunni City; Death Toll Disputed in Air Attack on Mosque,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
Pamela Constable, “Marines, Insurgents Battle for Sunni City; Death Toll Disputed in Air Attack on Mosque,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
4
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
5
Pamela Constable, “Marines, Insurgents Battle for Sunni City; Death Toll Disputed in Air Attack on Mosque,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
Pamela Constable, “Marines, Insurgents Battle for Sunni City; Death Toll Disputed in Air Attack on Mosque,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
6
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
Bassem Mroue, “Marines Tighten the Noose on Rebel Town,”
Daily Telegraph
(Sydney, Australia), April 7, 2004.
7
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco,
p. 333.
Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco,
p. 333.
10
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Anti-U.S. Uprising Widens in Iraq; Marines Push Deeper Into Fallujah; Cleric’s Force Tightens Grip in Holy Cities,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Anti-U.S. Uprising Widens in Iraq; Marines Push Deeper Into Fallujah; Cleric’s Force Tightens Grip in Holy Cities,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
11
Thanassis Cambanis, “Americans Advance on Fallujah,”
Boston Globe,
April 8, 2004.
Thanassis Cambanis, “Americans Advance on Fallujah,”
Boston Globe,
April 8, 2004.
12
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Anti-U.S. Uprising Widens in Iraq; Marines Push Deeper Into Fallujah; Cleric’s Force Tightens Grip in Holy Cities,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Anti-U.S. Uprising Widens in Iraq; Marines Push Deeper Into Fallujah; Cleric’s Force Tightens Grip in Holy Cities,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
13
Ibid.
Ibid.
14
Bassem Mroue and Abdul-Qader Saadi, “US Bombs Fallujah Mosque; More Than 40 Worshippers Killed; Revolutionary Violence Engulfs Iraq,” Associated Press, April 7, 2004.
Bassem Mroue and Abdul-Qader Saadi, “US Bombs Fallujah Mosque; More Than 40 Worshippers Killed; Revolutionary Violence Engulfs Iraq,” Associated Press, April 7, 2004.
15
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
16
Rahul Mahajan, “Fallujah and the Reality of War,”
Commondreams.org
, November 6, 2004.
Rahul Mahajan, “Fallujah and the Reality of War,”
Commondreams.org
, November 6, 2004.
17
David Blair, Alec Russell, and David Rennie, “Urban Warfare Grips Iraq; US Forces Hit Mosque Compound in Fallujah With Bombs and Rockets; Britons Evacuated as Coalition HQ Is Abandoned to the Mahdi Militia,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 8, 2004.
David Blair, Alec Russell, and David Rennie, “Urban Warfare Grips Iraq; US Forces Hit Mosque Compound in Fallujah With Bombs and Rockets; Britons Evacuated as Coalition HQ Is Abandoned to the Mahdi Militia,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 8, 2004.
18
Pamela Constable, “Troops Gaining Grip in Sections of Fallujah,”
Washington Post,
April 7, 2004.
Pamela Constable, “Troops Gaining Grip in Sections of Fallujah,”
Washington Post,
April 7, 2004.
19
Ibid.
Ibid.
20
Ibid.
Ibid.
21
Bing West,
No True Glory,
p. 176.
Bing West,
No True Glory,
p. 176.
22
Ibid.
Ibid.
23
Thanassis Cambanis, “Americans Advance on Fallujah,”
Boston Globe,
April 8, 2004.
Thanassis Cambanis, “Americans Advance on Fallujah,”
Boston Globe,
April 8, 2004.
24
Ibid.
Ibid.
25
Patrick Cockburn, “Iraq: The Descent Into Chaos: US Has Killed 280 in Fallujah This Week, Says Hospital Doctor,”
The Independent
(London), April 9, 2004.
Patrick Cockburn, “Iraq: The Descent Into Chaos: US Has Killed 280 in Fallujah This Week, Says Hospital Doctor,”
The Independent
(London), April 9, 2004.
26
Ibid.
Ibid.
27
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
28
Pamela Constable, “Marines Try to Quell ‘a Hotbed of Resistance,’”
Washington Post,
April 9, 2004.
Pamela Constable, “Marines Try to Quell ‘a Hotbed of Resistance,’”
Washington Post,
April 9, 2004.
29
Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco,
p. 333.
Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco,
p. 333.
30
Ibid.
Ibid.
31
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
32
Dahr Jamail, “Americans Slaughtering Civilians in Falluja,”
The New Standard,
April 11, 2004.
Dahr Jamail, “Americans Slaughtering Civilians in Falluja,”
The New Standard,
April 11, 2004.
33
Ibid.
Ibid.
34
Dahr Jamail, “Sarajevo on the Euphrates: An Eyewitness Account From Inside the US Siege of Falluja,”
TheNation.com
(Web only), April 12, 2004.
Dahr Jamail, “Sarajevo on the Euphrates: An Eyewitness Account From Inside the US Siege of Falluja,”
TheNation.com
(Web only), April 12, 2004.
35
Rahul Mahajan, “Fallujah and the Reality of War,”
Commondreams.org
, November 6, 2004.
Rahul Mahajan, “Fallujah and the Reality of War,”
Commondreams.org
, November 6, 2004.
36
Dahr Jamail, “Americans Slaughtering Civilians in Falluja,”
The New Standard,
April 11, 2004.
Dahr Jamail, “Americans Slaughtering Civilians in Falluja,”
The New Standard,
April 11, 2004.
37
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Marines Use Low-Tech Skill to Kill 100 in Urban Battle,”
New York Times
, April 15, 2004.
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Marines Use Low-Tech Skill to Kill 100 in Urban Battle,”
New York Times
, April 15, 2004.
38
Joshua Hammer, “Fallujah: In the Hands of Insurgents,”
Newsweek,
May 24, 2004: “Lt. Gen. James T. Conway, commander of the I Expeditionary Force, told NEWSWEEK that the Marines’ use of ‘precision’ weaponry ensured that ‘90 to 95 percent’ of Iraqis killed inside the city were combatants.”
Joshua Hammer, “Fallujah: In the Hands of Insurgents,”
Newsweek,
May 24, 2004: “Lt. Gen. James T. Conway, commander of the I Expeditionary Force, told NEWSWEEK that the Marines’ use of ‘precision’ weaponry ensured that ‘90 to 95 percent’ of Iraqis killed inside the city were combatants.”
39
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Marines Use Low-Tech Skill to Kill 100 in Urban Battle,”
New York Times,
April 15, 2004.
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Marines Use Low-Tech Skill to Kill 100 in Urban Battle,”
New York Times,
April 15, 2004.
40
Mustafa Abdel-Halim, “U.S. Forces Want Al-Jazeera Out of Fallujah,”
IslamOnline.net
(Cairo), April 9, 2004.
Mustafa Abdel-Halim, “U.S. Forces Want Al-Jazeera Out of Fallujah,”
IslamOnline.net
(Cairo), April 9, 2004.
41
Transcript,
Democracy Now!
February 22, 2006.
Transcript,
Democracy Now!
February 22, 2006.
42
Ibid.
Ibid.
43
Melinda Liu, “War of Perceptions: The U.S. Military Is Devising a Plan to End the Siege of Fallujah. But Will It Win on the Battleground of Iraqi Public Opinion?”
Newsweek
(Web exclusive), April 29, 2004.
Melinda Liu, “War of Perceptions: The U.S. Military Is Devising a Plan to End the Siege of Fallujah. But Will It Win on the Battleground of Iraqi Public Opinion?”
Newsweek
(Web exclusive), April 29, 2004.
44
Mustafa Abdel-Halim, “U.S. Forces Want Al-Jazeera Out of Fallujah,”
IslamOnline.net
(Cairo), April 9, 2004: “‘American forces declared al-Jazeera must leave before any progress is made to settle the Fallujah stand-off,’ al-Jazeera director general Wadah Khanfar told
IslamOnline.net
, citing sources close to the Iraqi Governing Council.”
Mustafa Abdel-Halim, “U.S. Forces Want Al-Jazeera Out of Fallujah,”
IslamOnline.net
(Cairo), April 9, 2004: “‘American forces declared al-Jazeera must leave before any progress is made to settle the Fallujah stand-off,’ al-Jazeera director general Wadah Khanfar told
IslamOnline.net
, citing sources close to the Iraqi Governing Council.”
45
Author copy, “Letter From Ahmed Mansour,” April 29, 2004.
Author copy, “Letter From Ahmed Mansour,” April 29, 2004.
46
Transcript, “Coalition Provisional Authority Briefing With Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt,” Department of Defense Press Briefing, April 12, 2004.
Transcript, “Coalition Provisional Authority Briefing With Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt,” Department of Defense Press Briefing, April 12, 2004.
47
Ibid.
Ibid.
48
Transcript, Defense Department Regular News Briefing, April 15, 2004.
Transcript, Defense Department Regular News Briefing, April 15, 2004.
49
Ibid.
Ibid.
50
Kevin Maguire and Andy Lines, “Exclusive: Bush Plot to Bomb His Arab Ally,”
Daily Mirror
(London), November 22, 2005.
Kevin Maguire and Andy Lines, “Exclusive: Bush Plot to Bomb His Arab Ally,”
Daily Mirror
(London), November 22, 2005.
51
Ibid. Note: The United States bombed Al Jazeera’s offices in Afghanistan in 2001, shelled the Basra hotel where Al Jazeera journalists were the only guests in April 2003, killed Iraq correspondent Tareq Ayoub a few days later in Baghdad, and imprisoned several Al Jazeera reporters (including at Guantánamo), some of whom say they were tortured. In addition to the military attacks, the U.S.-backed Iraqi government banned the network from reporting in Iraq.
Ibid. Note: The United States bombed Al Jazeera’s offices in Afghanistan in 2001, shelled the Basra hotel where Al Jazeera journalists were the only guests in April 2003, killed Iraq correspondent Tareq Ayoub a few days later in Baghdad, and imprisoned several Al Jazeera reporters (including at Guantánamo), some of whom say they were tortured. In addition to the military attacks, the U.S.-backed Iraqi government banned the network from reporting in Iraq.
52
Transcript,
Democracy Now!
February 22, 2006.
Transcript,
Democracy Now!
February 22, 2006.
53
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
54
Christina Asquith, “Refugees Tell of Rising Anger in Fallujah,”
Christian Science Monitor,
April 14, 2004.
Christina Asquith, “Refugees Tell of Rising Anger in Fallujah,”
Christian Science Monitor,
April 14, 2004.
55
Transcript, “President Addresses the Nation in Prime Time Press Conference,” The White House, April 13, 2004.
Transcript, “President Addresses the Nation in Prime Time Press Conference,” The White House, April 13, 2004.
56
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
57
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
Jack Fairweather, “‘There Were Bodies by the Road But No One Stopped. We Just Wanted to Get Out of That Hellish Place;’ Jack Fairweather Talks to Families Who Fled the Fighting in Fallujah,”
The Daily Telegraph
(London), April 12, 2004.
58
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
59
White House News Release, January 20, 2004. The accompanying photo of Mrs. Bush and Pachachi read: “Mrs. Bush applauds her special guest, Dr. Adnan Pachachi, President of the Iraqi Governing Council, during President Bush’s State of the Union Address at the U.S. Capitol Tuesday, Jan. 20, 2004. ‘Sir, America stands with you and the Iraqi people as you build a free and peaceful nation,’ said the President in his acknowledgement of Dr. Pachachi.”
White House News Release, January 20, 2004. The accompanying photo of Mrs. Bush and Pachachi read: “Mrs. Bush applauds her special guest, Dr. Adnan Pachachi, President of the Iraqi Governing Council, during President Bush’s State of the Union Address at the U.S. Capitol Tuesday, Jan. 20, 2004. ‘Sir, America stands with you and the Iraqi people as you build a free and peaceful nation,’ said the President in his acknowledgement of Dr. Pachachi.”
60
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
Anne Barnard, “Anger Over Fallujah Reaches Ears of the Faithful,”
Boston Globe,
April 11, 2004.
61
Anthony Shadid,
Night Draws Near
, p. 373.
Anthony Shadid,
Night Draws Near
, p. 373.
62
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Key General Criticizes April Attack in Fallujah Abrupt Withdrawal Called Vacillation,”
Washington Post,
September 13, 2004.
Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Key General Criticizes April Attack in Fallujah Abrupt Withdrawal Called Vacillation,”
Washington Post,
September 13, 2004.
63
Ibid.
Ibid.
64
Transcript, Coalition Provisional Authority Press Briefing, Department of Defense News Transcript, April 12, 2004.
Transcript, Coalition Provisional Authority Press Briefing, Department of Defense News Transcript, April 12, 2004.
65
Thanassis Cambanis, “U.N. Envoy Offers Plan for Interim Government,”
Boston Globe,
April 15, 2004.
Thanassis Cambanis, “U.N. Envoy Offers Plan for Interim Government,”
Boston Globe,
April 15, 2004.
66
Transcript,
This Week With George Stephanopoulos,
ABC, April 25, 2004.
Transcript,
This Week With George Stephanopoulos,
ABC, April 25, 2004.
67
Dahr Jamail, “Vigilant Resolve,”
DahrJamailIraq.com
, February 15, 2005.
Dahr Jamail, “Vigilant Resolve,”
DahrJamailIraq.com
, February 15, 2005.
68
Patrick Cockburn, “The Failure in Iraq Is Even Deeper Than People Imagine,”
The Independent
(London), April 17, 2004.
Patrick Cockburn, “The Failure in Iraq Is Even Deeper Than People Imagine,”
The Independent
(London), April 17, 2004.
69
Transcript, Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing, April 20, 2004.
Transcript, Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing, April 20, 2004.
70
Bill Sizemore and Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater: When Things Go Wrong,”
Virginian-Pilot,
July 26, 2006.
Bill Sizemore and Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater: When Things Go Wrong,”
Virginian-Pilot,
July 26, 2006.
71
Ibid.
Ibid.
72
Author copy of AFP/Getty photo of Fallujah bridge.
Author copy of AFP/Getty photo of Fallujah bridge.
73
Dahr Jamail, “Vigilant Resolve,”
DahrJamailIraq.com
, February 15, 2005.
Dahr Jamail, “Vigilant Resolve,”
DahrJamailIraq.com
, February 15, 2005.
CHAPTER 11
1
Whitney Gould, “Iraq Casualty Was a Born Leader; Gore, a St. John’s Northwestern Graduate, Died in Helicopter Crash,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,
April 24, 2005.
Whitney Gould, “Iraq Casualty Was a Born Leader; Gore, a St. John’s Northwestern Graduate, Died in Helicopter Crash,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,
April 24, 2005.
2
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes attributed to Danica Zovko and information about her experiences are based on interviews conducted by the author in the summer of 2006.
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes attributed to Danica Zovko and information about her experiences are based on interviews conducted by the author in the summer of 2006.
3
Jay Price and Joseph Neff, “The Bridge; The Scene in Fallujah Was Unforgettable: Four Americans Shot, Their Bodies Defiled, Two of Them Hung From a Bridge. They Weren’t Soldiers, But Private Guards Working For a North Carolina Company,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina), July 25, 2004.
Jay Price and Joseph Neff, “The Bridge; The Scene in Fallujah Was Unforgettable: Four Americans Shot, Their Bodies Defiled, Two of Them Hung From a Bridge. They Weren’t Soldiers, But Private Guards Working For a North Carolina Company,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina), July 25, 2004.
4
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes attributed to Katy Helvenston-Wettengel and information about her experiences are based on interviews conducted by the author throughout 2006.
Unless otherwise noted, all quotes attributed to Katy Helvenston-Wettengel and information about her experiences are based on interviews conducted by the author throughout 2006.
5
Bill Sizemore and Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater: On the Front Lines,”
Virginian-Pilot,
July 25, 2006.
Bill Sizemore and Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater: On the Front Lines,”
Virginian-Pilot,
July 25, 2006.
6
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “Private Army Seeking Political Advice in D.C.,”
The Hill
, April 14, 2004.
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “Private Army Seeking Political Advice in D.C.,”
The Hill
, April 14, 2004.
7
Erik Prince’s Prince Manufacturing biography.
Erik Prince’s Prince Manufacturing biography.
8
Federal lobbying records.
Federal lobbying records.
9
Bill McAllister, “Guns for Hire,”
Washington Post,
June 18, 1998; Dena Bunis, “U.S. Representatives Release Net-Worth Figures for ’98,”
Orange County Register
(California), June 17, 1999.
Bill McAllister, “Guns for Hire,”
Washington Post,
June 18, 1998; Dena Bunis, “U.S. Representatives Release Net-Worth Figures for ’98,”
Orange County Register
(California), June 17, 1999.
10
Federal lobbying records.
Federal lobbying records.
11
Representative Dana Rohrabacher’s speech on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, September 17, 2001.
Representative Dana Rohrabacher’s speech on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, September 17, 2001.
12
Public Citizen report, “Rep. Roy Blunt: Ties to Special Interests Leave Him Unfit to Lead,” January 2006.
Public Citizen report, “Rep. Roy Blunt: Ties to Special Interests Leave Him Unfit to Lead,” January 2006.
13
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “Private Army Seeking Political Advice in D.C.,”
The Hill,
April 14, 2004.
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “Private Army Seeking Political Advice in D.C.,”
The Hill,
April 14, 2004.
14
David Barstow, “Security Firm Says Its Workers Were Lured Into Iraqi Ambush,”
New York Times,
April 9, 2004.
David Barstow, “Security Firm Says Its Workers Were Lured Into Iraqi Ambush,”
New York Times,
April 9, 2004.
15
Ibid.
Ibid.
16
Ibid.
Ibid.
17
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “After the Horror, Strong Words Mask Inaction; Little Has Been Done to Determine the Facts of the Ambush in Fallujah That Cost Four Civilian Contractors Their Lives,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina), August 1, 2004.
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “After the Horror, Strong Words Mask Inaction; Little Has Been Done to Determine the Facts of the Ambush in Fallujah That Cost Four Civilian Contractors Their Lives,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina), August 1, 2004.
18
Ibid.
Ibid.
19
Douglas Quenqua, “Security Firms in Iraq Look to Up US Political Support,”
PR Week,
April 26, 2004.
Douglas Quenqua, “Security Firms in Iraq Look to Up US Political Support,”
PR Week,
April 26, 2004.
20
James Rosen, “Contractors Operate in a Legal Gray Area; The Roles of an Interrogator and an Interpreter in the Abuse Scandal Are Murky. Even Less Clear Is Whom They Answer to,” Star
Tribune
(Minneapolis), May 23, 2004.
James Rosen, “Contractors Operate in a Legal Gray Area; The Roles of an Interrogator and an Interpreter in the Abuse Scandal Are Murky. Even Less Clear Is Whom They Answer to,” Star
Tribune
(Minneapolis), May 23, 2004.
21
Ibid.
Ibid.
22
See Jeremy Scahill, “Mercenary Jackpot,”
The Nation,
August 28, 2006.
See Jeremy Scahill, “Mercenary Jackpot,”
The Nation,
August 28, 2006.
23
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17, June 27, 2004.
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17, June 27, 2004.
24
Author copy of the letter dated April 8, 2004.
Author copy of the letter dated April 8, 2004.
25
Office of Senator Jack Reed, “Statement by Senator Reed Regarding the Private Contractor Allegations,” Press Release, February 16, 2005.
Office of Senator Jack Reed, “Statement by Senator Reed Regarding the Private Contractor Allegations,” Press Release, February 16, 2005.
26
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
27
Brenda Kleman, “Blackwater USA Eyes HQ Expansion,” Cox News Service, April 16, 2004.
Brenda Kleman, “Blackwater USA Eyes HQ Expansion,” Cox News Service, April 16, 2004.
28
Transcript, “Inside the World of a Security Contractor in Iraq,” CNN, June 18, 2006.
Transcript, “Inside the World of a Security Contractor in Iraq,” CNN, June 18, 2006.
29
Brenda Kleman, “Blackwater USA Eyes HQ Expansion,” Cox News Service, April 16, 2004.
Brenda Kleman, “Blackwater USA Eyes HQ Expansion,” Cox News Service, April 16, 2004.
30
Ibid.
Ibid.
31
Press Release, “Blackwater USA to Host 2004 World SWAT Conference and Challenge May 17-22, 2004,” PR Web Newswire, April 14, 2004.
Press Release, “Blackwater USA to Host 2004 World SWAT Conference and Challenge May 17-22, 2004,” PR Web Newswire, April 14, 2004.
32
Ibid.
Ibid.
33
Kim O’Brien Root, “World Swat Challenge; Top-Ranked Teams Vie for National Tactics Title,”
Daily Press
(Newport News, Virginia), May 22, 2004.
Kim O’Brien Root, “World Swat Challenge; Top-Ranked Teams Vie for National Tactics Title,”
Daily Press
(Newport News, Virginia), May 22, 2004.
34
Ibid.
Ibid.
35
The description of David Grossman’s presentation at the conference is drawn from Peter Carlson, “Sultans of SWAT; Competition Has Law Enforcement Assault Teams Gunning to Be the Best,”
Washington Post,
May 25, 2004.
The description of David Grossman’s presentation at the conference is drawn from Peter Carlson, “Sultans of SWAT; Competition Has Law Enforcement Assault Teams Gunning to Be the Best,”
Washington Post,
May 25, 2004.
36
Gary Jackson,
Blackwater Tactical Weekly,
May 17, 2004.
Gary Jackson,
Blackwater Tactical Weekly,
May 17, 2004.
37
Douglas Quenqua, “Security Firms in Iraq Look to Up US Political Support,”
PR Week,
April 26, 2004.
Douglas Quenqua, “Security Firms in Iraq Look to Up US Political Support,”
PR Week,
April 26, 2004.
38
Ibid.
Ibid.
39
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “British Security Firm in Iraq Seeks K Street Input,”
The Hill,
April 21, 2004.
Jonathan E. Kaplan, “British Security Firm in Iraq Seeks K Street Input,”
The Hill,
April 21, 2004.
40
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
41
Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater Sees Increase in Applications,”
Virginian-Pilot,
April 10, 2004.
Joanne Kimberlin, “Blackwater Sees Increase in Applications,”
Virginian-Pilot,
April 10, 2004.
42
Ibid.
Ibid.
43
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
44
Robert Fisk and Patrick Cockburn, “Deaths of Scores of Mercenaries Not Reported,”
The Star
(South Africa), April 13, 2004.
Robert Fisk and Patrick Cockburn, “Deaths of Scores of Mercenaries Not Reported,”
The Star
(South Africa), April 13, 2004.
45
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay in Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay in Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
46
Joshua Chaffin, James Drummond, and Nicolas Pelham, “Not Only Are Staff Being Moved to Safer Locations, But the Escalating Cost of Security Is Eating Into the Resources Available to Improve Infrastructure,”
Financial Times,
May 6, 2004.
Joshua Chaffin, James Drummond, and Nicolas Pelham, “Not Only Are Staff Being Moved to Safer Locations, But the Escalating Cost of Security Is Eating Into the Resources Available to Improve Infrastructure,”
Financial Times,
May 6, 2004.
47
John F. Burns and Kirk Semple, “U.S. Finds Iraq Insurgency Has Funds to Sustain Itself,”
New York Times,
November 26, 2006.
John F. Burns and Kirk Semple, “U.S. Finds Iraq Insurgency Has Funds to Sustain Itself,”
New York Times,
November 26, 2006.
48
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay In Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay In Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
49
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
50
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay in Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
Greg Griffin, “Reconstructing a Country: Civilians Face Increased Danger; U.S. Contractors Resolve to Stay in Iraq,”
Denver Post,
April 22, 2004.
51
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
52
Sandip Roy, “U.S. to Worldwide Firms: Iraq Safer Than You Think,” Pacific News Service, May 07, 2004.
Sandip Roy, “U.S. to Worldwide Firms: Iraq Safer Than You Think,” Pacific News Service, May 07, 2004.
53
Ibid.
Ibid.
54
Saifur Rahman, “Call to Take Advantage of Opportunities in Iraq,”
Gulf News
(Dubai, United Arab Emirates), April 21, 2004.
Saifur Rahman, “Call to Take Advantage of Opportunities in Iraq,”
Gulf News
(Dubai, United Arab Emirates), April 21, 2004.
55
Sandip Roy, “U.S. to Worldwide Firms: Iraq Safer Than You Think,” Pacific News Service, May 07, 2004.
Sandip Roy, “U.S. to Worldwide Firms: Iraq Safer Than You Think,” Pacific News Service, May 07, 2004.
56
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
57
Ibid.
Ibid.
58
Ibid.
Ibid.
59
James Hider, “Soldiers of Fortune Rush to Cash In on Unrest,”
The Times
(London), March 31, 2004.
James Hider, “Soldiers of Fortune Rush to Cash In on Unrest,”
The Times
(London), March 31, 2004.
60
Joshua Chaffin, James Drummond, and Nicolas Pelham, “Not Only Are Staff Being Moved to Safer Locations, But the Escalating Cost of Security Is Eating into the Resources Available to Improve Infrastructure,”
Financial Times,
May 6, 2004.
Joshua Chaffin, James Drummond, and Nicolas Pelham, “Not Only Are Staff Being Moved to Safer Locations, But the Escalating Cost of Security Is Eating into the Resources Available to Improve Infrastructure,”
Financial Times,
May 6, 2004.
61
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
Jeremy Kahn and Nelson D. Schwartz, “Private Sector Soldiers: With Violence Escalating in Iraq, Tens of Thousands of U.S. Contractors Are Getting More Than They Bargained For,”
Fortune,
May 3, 2004.
62
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
63
Ibid.
Ibid.
64
Diana McCabe, “Risky Business: Even in Baghdad’s ‘Green Zone,’ Life Can Be Tough, But Big Paychecks and a Sense of Nation-Building Inspire Workers,”
Orange County Register,
April 21, 2004.
Diana McCabe, “Risky Business: Even in Baghdad’s ‘Green Zone,’ Life Can Be Tough, But Big Paychecks and a Sense of Nation-Building Inspire Workers,”
Orange County Register,
April 21, 2004.
65
Ibid.
Ibid.
66
Barry Yeoman, “How South African Hit Men, Serbian Paramilitaries, and Other Human Rights Violators Became Guns for Hire for Military Contractors in Iraq,”
Mother Jones,
November/December 2004 issue.
Barry Yeoman, “How South African Hit Men, Serbian Paramilitaries, and Other Human Rights Violators Became Guns for Hire for Military Contractors in Iraq,”
Mother Jones,
November/December 2004 issue.
67
Michael Duffy, “When Private Armies Take to the Front Lines,”
Time,
April 12, 2004.
Michael Duffy, “When Private Armies Take to the Front Lines,”
Time,
April 12, 2004.
68
CBS News, “Abuse of Iraqi POWs by GIs Probed,”
60 Minutes II,
April 28, 2004.
CBS News, “Abuse of Iraqi POWs by GIs Probed,”
60 Minutes II,
April 28, 2004.
69
Deborah Hastings, “Military Reports Match Some Lawsuit Details,” Associated Press, October 24, 2004.
Deborah Hastings, “Military Reports Match Some Lawsuit Details,” Associated Press, October 24, 2004.
70
Tim Shorrock, “CACI and Its Friends,”
The Nation,
June 21, 2004.
Tim Shorrock, “CACI and Its Friends,”
The Nation,
June 21, 2004.
71
Press Release, “Lawsuit Charges Two U.S. Corporations Conspired with U.S. Officials to Torture and Abuse Detainees in Iraq,” The Center for Constitutional Rights, June 9, 2004.
Press Release, “Lawsuit Charges Two U.S. Corporations Conspired with U.S. Officials to Torture and Abuse Detainees in Iraq,” The Center for Constitutional Rights, June 9, 2004.
72
Michael Duffy, “When Private Armies Take to the Front Lines,”
Time,
April 12, 2004.
Michael Duffy, “When Private Armies Take to the Front Lines,”
Time,
April 12, 2004.
73
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
David Barstow, James Glanz, Richard A. Oppel Jr., and Kate Zernike, “Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq,”
New York Times,
April 19, 2004.
74
Paul Tharp, “Security Firms Get Boost From Rambo Work in Iraq,”
New York Post,
April 8, 2004.
Paul Tharp, “Security Firms Get Boost From Rambo Work in Iraq,”
New York Post,
April 8, 2004.
75
Seth Borenstein and Scott Dodd, “Private Security Companies in Iraq See Big Paychecks, Big Risks,”
Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News,
April 2, 2004.
Seth Borenstein and Scott Dodd, “Private Security Companies in Iraq See Big Paychecks, Big Risks,”
Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News,
April 2, 2004.
76
Jay Price, “Armed Security Business Booms,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina)
,
April 2, 2004.
Jay Price, “Armed Security Business Booms,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina)
,
April 2, 2004.
77
Jonathan Franklin, “US Contractor Recruits Guards for Iraq in Chile,”
The Guardian,
March 5, 2004.
Jonathan Franklin, “US Contractor Recruits Guards for Iraq in Chile,”
The Guardian,
March 5, 2004.
78
Dana Priest and Mary Pat Flaherty, “Under Fire, Security Firms Form an Alliance,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
Dana Priest and Mary Pat Flaherty, “Under Fire, Security Firms Form an Alliance,”
Washington Post,
April 8, 2004.
79
Robert Fisk, “Saddam in the Dock: So This Is What They Call the New, Free Iraq,”
The Independent on Sunday
(London), July 4, 2004.
Robert Fisk, “Saddam in the Dock: So This Is What They Call the New, Free Iraq,”
The Independent on Sunday
(London), July 4, 2004.
80
Mary Pat Flaherty, “Iraq Work Awarded to Veteran of Civil Wars; Briton Who Provided Units in Asia and Africa Will Oversee Security,”
Washington Post,
June 16, 2004.
Mary Pat Flaherty, “Iraq Work Awarded to Veteran of Civil Wars; Briton Who Provided Units in Asia and Africa Will Oversee Security,”
Washington Post,
June 16, 2004.
81
For Spicer’s own account of these events, see: Lt. Col. Tim Spicer OBE,
An Unorthodox Soldier: Peace and War and the Sandline Affair
, Mainstream Publishing Company, Edinburgh, Great Britain, 1999.
For Spicer’s own account of these events, see: Lt. Col. Tim Spicer OBE,
An Unorthodox Soldier: Peace and War and the Sandline Affair
, Mainstream Publishing Company, Edinburgh, Great Britain, 1999.
82
Stephen Armstrong, “The Enforcer: Colonel Tim Spicer Is Effectively in Charge of the Second Largest Military Force in Iraq—Some 20,000 Private Soldiers. Just Don’t Call Him a Mercenary,”
The Guardian
(London), May 20, 2006.
Stephen Armstrong, “The Enforcer: Colonel Tim Spicer Is Effectively in Charge of the Second Largest Military Force in Iraq—Some 20,000 Private Soldiers. Just Don’t Call Him a Mercenary,”
The Guardian
(London), May 20, 2006.
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