Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army (80 page)
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Authors: Jeremy Scahill
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83
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
84
Jonathan Guthrie, “Tim Spicer Finds Security in the World’s War Zones,”
Financial Times
(London), April 7, 2006.
Jonathan Guthrie, “Tim Spicer Finds Security in the World’s War Zones,”
Financial Times
(London), April 7, 2006.
85
Mary Pat Flaherty, “Iraq Work Awarded to Veteran of Civil Wars; Briton Who Provided Units in Asia and Africa Will Oversee Security,”
Washington Post,
June 16, 2004.
Mary Pat Flaherty, “Iraq Work Awarded to Veteran of Civil Wars; Briton Who Provided Units in Asia and Africa Will Oversee Security,”
Washington Post,
June 16, 2004.
86
Jonathan Guthrie, “Tim Spicer Finds Security in the World’s War Zones,”
Financial Times
(London), April 7, 2006.
Jonathan Guthrie, “Tim Spicer Finds Security in the World’s War Zones,”
Financial Times
(London), April 7, 2006.
87
Mary Fitzgerald, “U.S. Contract to British Firm Sparks Irish American Protest; Anger Over Iraq Deal Stems From 1992 Murder in Belfast,”
Washington Post,
August 9, 2004.
Mary Fitzgerald, “U.S. Contract to British Firm Sparks Irish American Protest; Anger Over Iraq Deal Stems From 1992 Murder in Belfast,”
Washington Post,
August 9, 2004.
88
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
89
Mary Fitzgerald, “U.S. Contract to British Firm Sparks Irish American Protest; Anger Over Iraq Deal Stems From 1992 Murder in Belfast,”
Washington Post,
August 9, 2004.
Mary Fitzgerald, “U.S. Contract to British Firm Sparks Irish American Protest; Anger Over Iraq Deal Stems From 1992 Murder in Belfast,”
Washington Post,
August 9, 2004.
90
Senators Hillary Rodham Clinton, Edward M. Kennedy, Christopher J. Dodd, Charles E. Schumer, John F. Kerry, Letter to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, August 25, 2004.
Senators Hillary Rodham Clinton, Edward M. Kennedy, Christopher J. Dodd, Charles E. Schumer, John F. Kerry, Letter to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, August 25, 2004.
91
Charles M. Sennott, “Security Firm’s $293m Deal Under Scrutiny,”
Boston Globe,
June 22, 2004.
Charles M. Sennott, “Security Firm’s $293m Deal Under Scrutiny,”
Boston Globe,
June 22, 2004.
92
James Boxell and Jimmy Burns, “Aegis Iraqi Contract Renewed,”
Financial Times
(London), April 19, 2006.
James Boxell and Jimmy Burns, “Aegis Iraqi Contract Renewed,”
Financial Times
(London), April 19, 2006.
93
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
P. W. Singer, “Nation Builders and Low Bidders in Iraq,”
New York Times,
June 15, 2004.
94
Ibid.
Ibid.
95
Jonathan Finer, “Contractors Cleared in Videotaped Attacks; Army Fails to Find ‘Probable Cause’ in Machine-Gunning of Cars in Iraq,”
Washington Post,
June 11, 2006.
Jonathan Finer, “Contractors Cleared in Videotaped Attacks; Army Fails to Find ‘Probable Cause’ in Machine-Gunning of Cars in Iraq,”
Washington Post,
June 11, 2006.
96
Ibid.
Ibid.
97
Ibid.
Ibid.
98
James Boxell, “Iraq Investigation Clears Aegis Defence,”
Financial Times
(London), June 15, 2006.
James Boxell, “Iraq Investigation Clears Aegis Defence,”
Financial Times
(London), June 15, 2006.
99
T. Christian Miller, “Federal Audit Criticizes Iraq Contract Oversight; Inspector General Finds That a Controversial Security Firm Failed to Meet its Obligations,”
Los Angeles Times,
April 23, 2005.
T. Christian Miller, “Federal Audit Criticizes Iraq Contract Oversight; Inspector General Finds That a Controversial Security Firm Failed to Meet its Obligations,”
Los Angeles Times,
April 23, 2005.
100
Matthew Lynn, “Men With Guns Are the New Dotcoms,”
The Spectator
(London), November 4, 2006.
Matthew Lynn, “Men With Guns Are the New Dotcoms,”
The Spectator
(London), November 4, 2006.
101
Kim Sengupta, “Blair Accused of Trying to ‘Privatise’ War in Iraq,”
The Independent
(London), October 30, 2006.
Kim Sengupta, “Blair Accused of Trying to ‘Privatise’ War in Iraq,”
The Independent
(London), October 30, 2006.
102
“Four Hired Guns Killed in Baghdad Ambush Saturday,” Agence France-Presse, June 6, 2004.
“Four Hired Guns Killed in Baghdad Ambush Saturday,” Agence France-Presse, June 6, 2004.
103
Danica Kirka, “Four Employees of U.S. Company Killed in Ambush in Baghdad,” Associated Press, June 6, 2004.
Danica Kirka, “Four Employees of U.S. Company Killed in Ambush in Baghdad,” Associated Press, June 6, 2004.
104
Ibid.
Ibid.
105
William R. Levesque, “Clearwater Security Worker Killed in Iraq,”
St. Petersburg Times
(Florida), June 8, 2004.
William R. Levesque, “Clearwater Security Worker Killed in Iraq,”
St. Petersburg Times
(Florida), June 8, 2004.
106
Ibid.
Ibid.
107
“Four Private Security Workers Killed in Iraq,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, June 6, 2004.
“Four Private Security Workers Killed in Iraq,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, June 6, 2004.
108
“Have Gun . . . Will Travel,”
The Warsaw Voice
(Poland), June 23, 2004.
“Have Gun . . . Will Travel,”
The Warsaw Voice
(Poland), June 23, 2004.
109
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “Ambush Kills 4 Workers in Iraq; Men Worked for N.C. Security Firm,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina)
,
June 7, 2004.
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “Ambush Kills 4 Workers in Iraq; Men Worked for N.C. Security Firm,”
News & Observer
(Raleigh, North Carolina)
,
June 7, 2004.
110
William R. Levesque, “Clearwater Security Worker Killed in Iraq,”
St. Petersburg Times
(Florida), June 8, 2004.
William R. Levesque, “Clearwater Security Worker Killed in Iraq,”
St. Petersburg Times
(Florida), June 8, 2004.
111
Ibid.
Ibid.
112
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “Ambush Kills 4 Workers in Iraq; Men Worked for N.C. Security Firm,”
News & Observer,
June 7, 2004.
Joseph Neff and Jay Price, “Ambush Kills 4 Workers in Iraq; Men Worked for N.C. Security Firm,”
News & Observer,
June 7, 2004.
113
Vickie Chachere, “Palm Harbor Man Among Dead in Ambush on Iraq Convoy,” Associated Press, June 7, 2004.
Vickie Chachere, “Palm Harbor Man Among Dead in Ambush on Iraq Convoy,” Associated Press, June 7, 2004.
114
Ibid.
Ibid.
115
Odai Sirri, “Allawi May Resort to Baathist Expertise,”
AlJazeera.net
, June 7, 2004.
Odai Sirri, “Allawi May Resort to Baathist Expertise,”
AlJazeera.net
, June 7, 2004.
116
L. Paul Bremer III,
My Year in Iraq
, p. 384.
L. Paul Bremer III,
My Year in Iraq
, p. 384.
117
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17, June 27, 2004.
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17, June 27, 2004.
118
Press Release, “Fact Sheet on the Anti-War Profiteering Amendment to the Defense Authorization Bill,” Senator Patrick Leahy, June 15, 2004.
Press Release, “Fact Sheet on the Anti-War Profiteering Amendment to the Defense Authorization Bill,” Senator Patrick Leahy, June 15, 2004.
119
Scott Shane, “Cables Show Central Negroponte Role in 80’s Covert War Against Nicaragua,”
New York Times,
April 13, 2005; Michael Dobbs, “Papers Illustrate Negroponte’s Contra Role; Newly Released Documents Show Intelligence Nominee Was Active in U.S. Effort,”
Washington Post,
April 12, 2005.
Scott Shane, “Cables Show Central Negroponte Role in 80’s Covert War Against Nicaragua,”
New York Times,
April 13, 2005; Michael Dobbs, “Papers Illustrate Negroponte’s Contra Role; Newly Released Documents Show Intelligence Nominee Was Active in U.S. Effort,”
Washington Post,
April 12, 2005.
120
Ibid.
Ibid.
121
Comprehensive coverage of Negroponte’s time in Honduras can be found in the four-part series in
Baltimore Sun
in June 1995 reported by Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson.
Comprehensive coverage of Negroponte’s time in Honduras can be found in the four-part series in
Baltimore Sun
in June 1995 reported by Gary Cohn and Ginger Thompson.
122
Carol Rosenberg, “Weary Iraqis Losing Confidence in U.S.,”
Miami Herald,
April 8, 2004.
Carol Rosenberg, “Weary Iraqis Losing Confidence in U.S.,”
Miami Herald,
April 8, 2004.
123
Author copy of the contract documents.
Author copy of the contract documents.
124
E-mail from State Department representative, August 2006.
E-mail from State Department representative, August 2006.
125
Author copy of audit.
Author copy of audit.
126
Ibid.
Ibid.
127
Gary Jackson,
Blackwater Tactical Weekly
, November 22, 2004.
Gary Jackson,
Blackwater Tactical Weekly
, November 22, 2004.
128
Ibid.
Ibid.
CHAPTER 12
1
Jan H. Kalicki, “Caspian Energy at the Crossroads,”
Foreign Affairs,
September/October 2001.
Jan H. Kalicki, “Caspian Energy at the Crossroads,”
Foreign Affairs,
September/October 2001.
2
Stephen Kinzer, “Azerbaijan Has Reason to Swagger: Oil Deposits,”
New York Times,
September 14, 1997.
Stephen Kinzer, “Azerbaijan Has Reason to Swagger: Oil Deposits,”
New York Times,
September 14, 1997.
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
4
Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, “Reliable, Affordable, Environmentally Sound Energy for America’s Future,” released by the White House in May 2001.
Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, “Reliable, Affordable, Environmentally Sound Energy for America’s Future,” released by the White House in May 2001.
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
6
U.S. Department of Energy, “Top World Oil Net Exporters,”
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
U.S. Department of Energy, “Top World Oil Net Exporters,”
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
7
Candace Rondeaux, “A Pipeline to Promise, or a Pipeline to Peril,”
St. Petersburg Times,
May 15, 2005.
Candace Rondeaux, “A Pipeline to Promise, or a Pipeline to Peril,”
St. Petersburg Times,
May 15, 2005.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
“Caspian Pipeline Dream Becomes Reality,”
BBC News,
September 14, 2002.
“Caspian Pipeline Dream Becomes Reality,”
BBC News,
September 14, 2002.
10
Eric Margolis, “Shevy’s Big Mistake: Crossing Uncle Sam,”
Toronto Sun,
November 30, 2003.
Eric Margolis, “Shevy’s Big Mistake: Crossing Uncle Sam,”
Toronto Sun,
November 30, 2003.
11
Nick Paton Walsh, “Russia Accused of Plot to Sabotage Georgian Oil Pipeline,”
Guardian,
December 1, 2003.
Nick Paton Walsh, “Russia Accused of Plot to Sabotage Georgian Oil Pipeline,”
Guardian,
December 1, 2003.
12
Mevlut Katik, “Amid Risk, Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline Edges Forward,” EurasiaNet, December 1, 2003.
Mevlut Katik, “Amid Risk, Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline Edges Forward,” EurasiaNet, December 1, 2003.
13
Nick Paton Walsh, “US Privatises Its Military Aid to Georgia,”
Guardian,
January 6, 2004.
Nick Paton Walsh, “US Privatises Its Military Aid to Georgia,”
Guardian,
January 6, 2004.
14
Presidential Determination on Azerbaijan, signed by George W. Bush on January 25, 2002.
Presidential Determination on Azerbaijan, signed by George W. Bush on January 25, 2002.
15
John J. Fialka, “Search for Crude Comes With New Dangers—U.S. Strategic and Diplomatic Thinking Adjusts to Handle Hot Spots With Oil Potential,”
Wall Street Journal,
April 11, 2005.
John J. Fialka, “Search for Crude Comes With New Dangers—U.S. Strategic and Diplomatic Thinking Adjusts to Handle Hot Spots With Oil Potential,”
Wall Street Journal,
April 11, 2005.
16
Alman Talyshli, “Rumsfeld’s Baku Trip Stirs Controversy,” EurasiaNet, April 13, 2005.
Alman Talyshli, “Rumsfeld’s Baku Trip Stirs Controversy,” EurasiaNet, April 13, 2005.
17
Author copy of contract, dated July 28, 2004.
Author copy of contract, dated July 28, 2004.
18
Chris Taylor speaking at “Contractors on the Battlefield: Learning from the Experience in Iraq,” George Washington University, January 28, 2005.
Chris Taylor speaking at “Contractors on the Battlefield: Learning from the Experience in Iraq,” George Washington University, January 28, 2005.
19
Erik Prince’s remarks at West 2006 Conference.
Erik Prince’s remarks at West 2006 Conference.
21
U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce Web site,
www.usacc.org/contents.php?cid=97
, accessed December 5, 2006.
U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce Web site,
www.usacc.org/contents.php?cid=97
, accessed December 5, 2006.
22
U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce Web site,
www.usacc.org/contents.php?cid=2
, accessed December 5, 2006.
U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce Web site,
www.usacc.org/contents.php?cid=2
, accessed December 5, 2006.
23
Ibid.
Ibid.
24
Tim Shorrock, “Contractor’s Arrogance Contributed to Iraqi Rebellion, Marine Colonel Says,”
http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_timshorrock_archive.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
Tim Shorrock, “Contractor’s Arrogance Contributed to Iraqi Rebellion, Marine Colonel Says,”
http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_timshorrock_archive.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
25
Emery P. Dalesio, “NC Firm Was Providing Security for Food Delivery in Iraq,” Associated Press, March 31, 2004.
Emery P. Dalesio, “NC Firm Was Providing Security for Food Delivery in Iraq,” Associated Press, March 31, 2004.
26
Chris Taylor speaking at “Contractors on the Battlefield: Learning from the Experience in Iraq,” George Washington University, January 28, 2005.
Chris Taylor speaking at “Contractors on the Battlefield: Learning from the Experience in Iraq,” George Washington University, January 28, 2005.
27
Transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Jon Purnell Press Conference in Uzbekistan,” Department of Defense, February 24, 2004.
Transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld and Ambassador Jon Purnell Press Conference in Uzbekistan,” Department of Defense, February 24, 2004.
28
Nick Paton Walsh, “US Privatises Its Military Aid to Georgia,”
Guardian,
January 6, 2004.
Nick Paton Walsh, “US Privatises Its Military Aid to Georgia,”
Guardian,
January 6, 2004.
29
Ibid.
Ibid.
30
Russ Rizzo, “Pentagon Aims to Bolster Security in Caspian Sea Region,”
Stars and Stripes
(European edition), August 10, 2005.
Russ Rizzo, “Pentagon Aims to Bolster Security in Caspian Sea Region,”
Stars and Stripes
(European edition), August 10, 2005.
31
Brett Forrest, “Azerbaijan Over a Barrel,”
Fortune
(European Edition), November 28, 2005.
Brett Forrest, “Azerbaijan Over a Barrel,”
Fortune
(European Edition), November 28, 2005.
32
“US Working to Boost Sea Forces in Oil-Rich Caspian: Envoy,” Agence France-Presse, September 21, 2005.
“US Working to Boost Sea Forces in Oil-Rich Caspian: Envoy,” Agence France-Presse, September 21, 2005.
33
Kathy Gannon, “As Azerbaijan Democracy Struggles, Iran Makes Its Weight Felt,” Associated Press, April 30, 2006.
Kathy Gannon, “As Azerbaijan Democracy Struggles, Iran Makes Its Weight Felt,” Associated Press, April 30, 2006.
34
“2005 In Review: Conflicts in Caucasus Still Characterized by Gridlock,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
, December 22, 2005.
“2005 In Review: Conflicts in Caucasus Still Characterized by Gridlock,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
, December 22, 2005.
35
“The Danger of a Military Buildup in the South Caucasus,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
, October 16, 2006.
“The Danger of a Military Buildup in the South Caucasus,”
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
, October 16, 2006.
36
“Caspian Hopes and Hazards,”
Africa Analysis
(the Financial Times Limited), April 16, 2004.
“Caspian Hopes and Hazards,”
Africa Analysis
(the Financial Times Limited), April 16, 2004.
37
Ariel Cohen, “Azerbaijan Intrigue,”
Washington Times,
October 25, 2005.
Ariel Cohen, “Azerbaijan Intrigue,”
Washington Times,
October 25, 2005.
38
Joshua Kucera, “US Helps Forces, Gains Foothold in Caspian Region,”
Jane’s Defence Weekly
, May 25, 2005.
Joshua Kucera, “US Helps Forces, Gains Foothold in Caspian Region,”
Jane’s Defence Weekly
, May 25, 2005.
39
Alman Talyshli, “Rumsfeld’s Baku Trip Stirs Controversy,” EurasiaNet, April 13, 2005.
Alman Talyshli, “Rumsfeld’s Baku Trip Stirs Controversy,” EurasiaNet, April 13, 2005.
40
Ibid.
Ibid.
41
Candace Rondeaux, “A Pipeline to Promise, or a Pipeline to Peril,”
St. Petersburg Times,
May 15, 2005.
Candace Rondeaux, “A Pipeline to Promise, or a Pipeline to Peril,”
St. Petersburg Times,
May 15, 2005.
42
Vladimir Radyuhin, “Another Move in the Great Game,”
The Hindu
, May 27, 2005.
Vladimir Radyuhin, “Another Move in the Great Game,”
The Hindu
, May 27, 2005.
43
Ibid.
Ibid.
44
Ibid.
Ibid.
45
White House press release, “Caspian Pipeline Consortium Fact Sheet,” November 13, 2001.
White House press release, “Caspian Pipeline Consortium Fact Sheet,” November 13, 2001.
46
Ibid.
Ibid.
47
Ibid.
Ibid.
48
U.S. Department of Energy press release, “Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline First Oil Ceremony: Remarks of Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman,” May 25, 2005.
U.S. Department of Energy press release, “Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline First Oil Ceremony: Remarks of Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman,” May 25, 2005.
49
Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, “Reliable, Affordable, Environmentally Sound Energy for America’s Future,” released by the White House in May 2001.
Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, “Reliable, Affordable, Environmentally Sound Energy for America’s Future,” released by the White House in May 2001.
50
U.S. Department of Energy press release, “Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline First Oil Ceremony: Remarks of Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman,” May 25, 2005.
U.S. Department of Energy press release, “Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline First Oil Ceremony: Remarks of Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman,” May 25, 2005.
51
Ibid.
Ibid.
52
David E. Sanger, “There’s Democracy, and There’s an Oil Pipeline,”
New York Times,
May 29, 2005.
David E. Sanger, “There’s Democracy, and There’s an Oil Pipeline,”
New York Times,
May 29, 2005.
53
Human Rights Watch,
World Report 2005
.
Human Rights Watch,
World Report 2005
.
54
U.S. Department of State,
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2005
, released March 8, 2006.
U.S. Department of State,
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2005
, released March 8, 2006.
55
Ibid.
Ibid.
56
Ibid.
Ibid.
58
Tim Shorrock, “Contractor’s Arrogance Contributed to Iraqi Rebellion, Marine Colonel Says,”
http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_timshorrock_archive.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
Tim Shorrock, “Contractor’s Arrogance Contributed to Iraqi Rebellion, Marine Colonel Says,”
http://timshorrock.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_timshorrock_archive.html
, accessed December 14, 2006.
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