Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America (43 page)

11
    
Charlie Harris, 1912
. From the
Marietta Journal
, May, 17, 1912.

13
    
Joseph Kellogg, date unknown
. Photo courtesy of Bonnie Rateree.

20
    
Georgia governor Joseph Mackey Brown in 1912
. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, photograph by Harris & Ewing, LC-DIG-hec-01046.

24
    
The Marietta Rifles, “Riot Duty Company
,” c. 1908. Photo published by Alfred Selidge Postcard Co., St. Louis, Missouri.

30
    
Mae Crow, circa 1912
. Photo courtesy of Debbie Vermaat.

31
    
Crow household in the census of 1910
. 1910 U. S. Census, New Bridge, Forsyth, Georgia; roll T624_188; page 11B; Enumeration District: 0041; FHL microfilm: 1374201.

36
    
Ernest Knox
,
October 2, 1912
. From “Troops on Guard as Two Rapists Are Convicted,”
Atlanta Constitution
, October 4, 1912.

42
    
U.S. Representative Hiram Parks Bell
. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Brady-Handy Photograph Collection: LC-BH832- 158.

52
    
Charlie Hale, Lawrenceville, Georgia, 1911
. Photo courtesy of the Georgia Archives, COB831-82.

54
    
West Canton Street, Cumming, c. 1912
. Postcard published by the Cumming Drugstore, courtesy of Gary Doster.

57
    
The lynching of Laura Nelson, 1911
. Postcard published by G. H. Farnum, 1911.

86
    
Jane Daniel, Oscar Daniel, and Toney Howell being led toward the Atlanta train terminal, October 2, 1912
. From the
Atlanta Georgian
, October 2, 1912.

88
    
The Forsyth prisoners at Buford, Georgia, October 2nd, 1912
. From the
Atlanta Constitution
, October 4, 1912.

90
    
The lynching of Leo Frank outside Marietta, Georgia, 1915
. Photo courtesy of the Atlanta History Center, Kenneth G. Rogers Collection.

93
    
The Cumming Courthouse, c. 1912
. Postcard published by the Cumming Drugstore, courtesy of Gary Doster.

95
    
Ed Collins, October 1912
. From the
Atlanta Georgian
, October 2, 1912.

109
  
Byrd Oliver, date unknown
. Photo courtesy of the Beulah Rucker Museum, Gainesville, Georgia.

114
  
The children of Jeremiah and Nancy Brown
,
who were expelled from Forsyth in 1912
. Photo Courtesy of Charles Grogan. Nancy (Greenlee) Brown was the granddaughter of Reverend Levi Greenlee Sr.

129
  
The Fifth Regiment en route from the Fulton Tower to Terminal Station, Atlanta
. From “Soldiers Guard Gallows—Sheriff Springs Trap,”
Atlanta Georgian
, October 25, 1912.

134
  
Azzie Crow, mother of Mae, c. 1950
. Photo courtesy of Debbie Vermaat.

141
  
A crowd near the gallows where Knox and Daniel were hung, with Sawnee Mountain in the distance, October 25, 1912
. Photo courtesy of Jimmy Anderson.

142
  
Three witnesses to the Knox and Daniel hangings, October 25, 1912
. Photo courtesy of Jimmy Anderson.

175
  
The “Seeing Georgia” tourists en route to Forsyth, October 3, 1915
. From the
Atlanta Constitution
, October 10, 1915, 6.

189
  
Sign protesting the arrival of black tenants, Sojourner Truth housing project, Detroit, February 1942
. Arthur S. Siegel,
White Sign Racial Hatred
. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, LC-USW3-016549-C.

191
  
White mob dragging an African American man from a Detroit streetcar, June 21, 1943
. Associated Press.

208
  
Cumming, Georgia, January 17, 1987
. Steve Deal/AP.

214
  
J. B. Stoner handing out flyers at the First Brotherhood March, January 17, 1987
. Photo courtesy of Southline Press, Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center.

216
  
Hosea Williams and John Lewis leading marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, March 7, 1965
. Black Star/Charles Moore.

217
  
Hosea Williams leading the First Brotherhood March, Forsyth County, January 17, 1987
. AP Photo/Gene Blythe.

226
  
Buses arriving for the Second Brotherhood March, January 24, 1987
. Photo courtesy of Joe Tomasovsky.

227
  
Brotherhood Marchers walking to the Forsyth County Courthouse
. Photo courtesy of Joe Tomasovsky.

228
  
National Guard troops and counterprotesters, January 24, 1987
. Photo courtesy of Joe Tomasovsky.

INDEX

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

Page numbers in
italics
refer to figures and illustrations.

Act for Establishing and Regulating of Patrols (Georgia), 79–80

adverse possession, 184

Allen, Isaac, 2

Anderson, Kathleen Hutchins, 244–45

Armstrong, John A., 147

Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern Railway, 9

Atlanta Northeastern Railroad Company, 9–11, 26, 81–82, 99, 175, 180

Bachtel, Doug, 240

Backband Church, 11, 64–65

Bagby, Gilford, 36

Bagby, William, 34, 36

Baily, John, 78

Barnett, W. R., 53–54

Bates, Johnny, 4

Bell, George Harris, 150

Bell, Hiram Parks, 40–41, 79, 242

Bell, Marvin, 40, 42–43, 45, 95–96, 104

Bethel Baptist Church bombing, 213

Bettis, Phil, 234, 235

Biracial Committee (Cumming/Forsyth County), 232–37

The Birth of a Nation
(film), 71–72

Black, Alonzo, 244, 245

Black, Catherine, 244–45

Black, George, 244

Blackburn, Chuck, 207–9, 212

black churches

Backband Church, 11, 64–65

burning of by night riders, 64, 65, 115

importance to black community, 64

Mt. Fair, 11, 65

Shakerag Church, 11, 63, 65

Shiloh Baptist, 11, 12, 65

Stoney Point, 11, 65

black community of Forsyth County

exodus in 1912, 63, 69, 107–12, 117–19, 234

expulsion of African Americans, xii–xiii, xvi, 63, 69, 117–19, 183–86

gathering of black men after Smith’s arrest, 13, 69

land bought or seized by whites, 183–85

after 1990, 238–40

Blake, Adkinson, 169

Blake, Annie Lee, 244

Blake, Louie, 169

Blake, Ophelia, 169, 170

Bolton, Bill, 223

Bond, Julian, 225

BRFAL.
see
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (BRFAL)

Brice, George P., 29, 67, 93–94

Brooke, Howell, 85, 88, 92

Brooke, J. P., 84, 85, 99, 100

Brooks, Joseph, 1, 6, 25–26

Brooks, Luna, 1

Brotherhood March

arrival in Cumming, 215–16

counterprotesters, xiv–xvi, 206,
208
, 212–18, 220,
228

and demands by Coalition to End Fear and Intimidation in Forsyth County, 230–37

First Brotherhood March, xiv–xv, 207–23, 224

Forsyth County Defense League, xvi, 211, 215, 222

media coverage, xvi, 210–11, 220–21, 225

proposed by Chuck Blackburn, 207–9, 212

response after Second Brotherhood March, 226–30

Second Brotherhood March, 224–26,
227

Southern Poverty Law Center lawsuit, 238

third march in 1988, 237–38

threats to Chuck Blackburn, 209

White Power Rally, xvi, 211–13, 218, 220, 222

Brown, family of Jeremiah and Nancy,
114

Brown, Joseph E., 20

Brown, Joseph Mackey

about, 20–21

calls from Charlie Harris about Smith, 8, 19–20

criticism of execution spectacle, 153–54

Georgia National Guard deployment, 22, 23, 84, 91–92, 128

lynching of Leo Frank, 89, 154

photograph,
20

reaction to complaints about night riders, 113, 116, 161

Brown v. Board of Education
, 206

Bryan, William J., 145–50, 237

Bryant, Willie, 157

Buice, Vester, 186, 187

Buice, Will, 55

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (BRFAL)

after appointment of Bryan, 145

on “binding” of children to white masters, 147–48

court cases under William Bryan, 146–49

end of operations, 149–50, 237

establishment by Lincoln, 144

office in Cumming, 144–49, 237

Burnett, John G., 76

Butler, Jane (nee Daniel).
see
Daniel, Jane

Butler, William, 157–58, 188–89, 191–93, 192

Candler, Asa, 106

Candler Horse Guards, 22, 23, 25, 29

Carlile, Raymond, 122–23

Carter, Dean, 209–10, 212, 224

Carter, Tammy, 210

Catron, I. T.

criticism of, 153

on day of Knox trial, 97–98, 100, 102

on day of sentencing, 105

and execution of Knox and Daniel, 128–32, 134, 138–39

protection of Grant Smith, 22

transfer of Forsyth prisoners for trial, 87–88, 90

Chastain, M. C., 147

Cherokee lands and people in Forsyth County, 73–77

Cherokee Territory, 73–75, 76–78, 76–79

Chester, Fate, 4

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 41