Can We Talk about Race?: And Other Conversations in an Era of School Resegregation (20 page)

50
. This framework was adapted from the 1985 work of Enid Lee,
Letters to Marcia: A Teacher’s Guide to Anti-Racist Education
(Toronto: Cross-Cultural Communication Centre).

51
. Because participants sometimes work collaboratively in groups to develop the action plans, the total number of plans is smaller than the total number of participants.

52
. Glenn E. Singleton and Curtis Linton,
Courageous Conversations about Race: A Field Guide for Achieving Equity in Schools
(Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin, 2006), 245.

53
. Ibid., 247.

54
. Ibid., 248.

55
. Ibid., 252–53.

1
. Emily Bernard, ed.,
Some of My Best Friends: Writings on Interracial Friendships
(New York: Amistad, 2004).

2
. David Mura, “Secret Colors,” in
Some of My Best Friends
, ed. Bernard 130.

3
. Jean Baker Miller, “Connections, Disconnections, and Violations,” Work in Progress no. 33 (Wellesley, Mass.: Stone Center Working Paper Series, 1988).

4
. Ibid.

5
. Emily Bernard, “Crossing the Line: An Introduction” in
Some of My Best Friends
, ed. Bernard, 6.

6
. Mura, “Secret Colors,” 152.

7
. See Beverly Daniel Tatum,
“Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?”; and Other Conversations about Race
(New York: Basic Books, 1997).

8
. I owe much of my understanding of this point to the work of Janet E. Helms, ed.,
Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1990).

9
. William E. Cross Jr.,
Shades of Black: Diversity in African American Identity
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).

10
. We agreed that, had our son made a similar remark about an ethnic group at someone else’s house, we would want to know about it, and on that basis we decided to speak to the friend’s father even though we did not know him well enough to know what his response would be. Fortunately he responded with gratitude at being told about the incident.

11
. Trey Ellis, “Repellent Afro,” in
Some of My Best Friends
, ed. Bernard, 83–95.

12
. Ibid., 91.

13
. Mura, “Secret Colors,” 135–36.

14
. Andrea Ayvazian and Beverly Daniel Tatum, “Women, Race and Racism: A Dialogue in Black and White,” Work in Progress no. 65 (Wellesley, Mass.: Stone Center Working Paper Series, 1994).

15
. Bill Ayers, “When We Were Friends: A Geography Lesson,” in
Some of My Best Friends
, ed. Bernard, 96–97; 114.

16
. Bernard, “Crossing the Line,” 9.

17
. Ayvazian and Tatum, ”Women, Race, and Racism.”

18
. Gloria Ladson-Billings,
The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994).

19
. Troy Duster, “The Diversity of California at Berkeley: An Emerging Reformulation of ‘Competence’ in an Increasingly Multicultural World,” in
Beyond a Dream Deferred: Multicultural Education and the Politics of Excellence
, ed. Becky W. Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).

20
. Study Circles Resource Center,
Facing Racism in a Diverse Nation: A Guide for Public Dialogue and Problem Solving
(Pomfret, Conn.: Study Circles Resource Center, 2006),
www.studycircles.org
.

1
. T.S. Eliot, “Choruses from ‘The Rock,’” in
Collected Poems, 1909–1935
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 179.

2
. For an in-depth discussion of mental health issues on college campuses, see Richard Kadison and Theresa Foy DiGeronimo,
College of the Overwhelmed: The Campus Mental Health Crisis and What to Do about It
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004).

3
. Louis Menand, “Reimagining Liberal Education,” in
Education and Democracy: Re-imagining Liberal Learning in America
, ed. Robert Orrill (New York: College Entrance Exam Board, 1997).

4
. Lee Knefelkamp and Carol Geary Schneider, “Education for a World Lived in Common with Others,” in
Education and Democracy
, ed. Orrill, 340.

5
. Charles T.Clotfelter,
After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 159.

6
. Association of American Colleges and Universities,
Liberal Education Outcomes: A Preliminary Report on Student Achievement in College
(Washington, D.C., 2005).

7
. Silvia Hurtado, “Reaffirming Educators’ Judgment: Educational Value of Diversity,”
Liberal Education
85, no. 2 (1999), 24–31.

8
. Patricia Gurin et al., “Diversity and Higher Education: Theory and Impact on Educational Outcomes,”
Harvard Educational Review
72, no. 3 (2002), 330–66.

9
. Expert report of Patricia Gurin, included in University of Michigan,
The Compelling Need for Diversity in Higher Education
, reports prepared for
Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al
. No. 97-75231 (E.D. Mich.) and
Grutter et al. v. Bollinger et al
. No. 97-75928 (E.D. Mich),
www.vpcomm.umich.edu/admissions/research/
.

10
. Lawrence H. Summers, Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce, Cambridge, Mass., January 14, 2005,
http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/20w05/nber
.

11
. Patricia Gurin, Brian Nagda, and G. Lopez, “The Benefits of Diversity in Education for Democratic Citizenship,”
Journal of Social Issues
60, no. 1 (2004), 17–34.

12
. Linda Christensen, “Where I’m From: Inviting Students’ Lives into the Classroom,” in
Rethinking our Classrooms: Teaching for Equity and Justice
, vol. 2 (Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools, 2001), 6–10.

13
. Beverly Daniel Tatum, “Talking about Race, Learning about Racism: The Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the Classroom,”
Harvard Educational Review
62, no. 1 (1992), 1–24.