Cleopatra the Great (49 page)

73 Estimation as ‘32 parts Greek, 27 parts Macedonian and 5 parts Persian' in Foss 1997, p.82.

73 ‘Our lords and greatest gods'. Grant 1972, p.22.

73 Egyptian ruler as Alexander's priest since 116
BC
in Whitehorne 2001.

73 ‘the eyes of the king of Upper Egypt the ears of the king of Lower Egypt'. Stela BM.EA. 147, in Lichtheim 1980, p.61 and Reymond 1981, pp.16577.

74 ‘god's beloved and friend of the King'. Stela BM.EA.147, in Lichtheim 1980 p.61 and Reymond 1981, pp.165-77.

74 ‘military overseer of the Red and Indian Seas' in Goudchaux 2003, p.109.

75 ‘one of the Romans killed a cat and the multitude rushed in a crowd to his house, neither the officials sent by the king to beg the man offnor the fear of Rome which all the people felt were enough to save the man from punishment, even though his act had been an accident'. Diodorus 1.83.8-9, Oldfather trans., p.287.

75 ‘friend and ally of the Roman people'. Maehler 1983, p.3; also Caesar in
Civil Wars
, III.107, Peskett trans., p.349.

76 Strabo states Auletes had three daughters (XVII. 796 in Barns 1977, p.29), whereas Porphyry (in Whitehorne 2001, p. 182) later claimed four when assuming Berenike IV and Cleopatra Tryphaena were both his daughters.

76 ‘one of his daughters' on Athenian epitaph in Grant 1972, pp.15-16, Goudchaux 2001, p.131.

76 ‘even lying on the ground it is a marvel'. Pliny XXXIV. 18.41-42 in Loeb trans., p.159.

77 ‘Cato neither went forward to meet him, nor so much as rose up to him, but saluting him as an ordinary person, bade him sit down. This at once threw Ptolemy into some confusion'. Plutarch,
Cato
, Dry den trans., p.633, latrine mentioned in Grant 1972, p.15.

77 ‘by force'. Tertullian,
Ad Nationes
1.1.17-18 in Maehler 2003, p.205.

79 ‘at first sight', ‘he had fallen in love with her at first sight long ago when she was still a girl and he was serving as master of horse under Gabinius'. Appian
Roman History
V.8, trans., White, p.389.

79 ‘in his rage and spite against the Egyptians'. Plutarch,
Antony
, Dry den trans., p.749.

79 ‘he left behind him a great name among the Alexandrians'. Plutarch,
Antony
, Dryden trans., p.749.

80 ‘thieving, effeminate ballet boy in curlers'. Cicero in Grant 1969, p.96.

80 ‘the home of all tricks and deceits'. Cicero,
Pro. Rah. Post.
35, reported in Wyke 2002, p.211.

81 ‘sage'. el-Daly 2005, p.131.

81 ‘the most illustrious and wise among women . . . great in herself and in her achievements in courage and strength'. John of Nikiou 67, in Hughes-Hallett 1990, p.70; el-Daly 2005, p.132.

81 ‘the last of the wise ones of Greece'. El-Masudi in Hughes-Hallett, 1990, p.70

81 ‘the virtuous scholar'. El-Daly 2005, p.131

81 ‘who elevated the ranks of scholars and enjoyed their company'. El-Masudi in el-Daly 2005, p. 133.

81 ‘the dead lying in Hades, waiting for the waters of rebirth to come and revive them so they can be reborn and flower again in the springtime'. Roberts 2000, p.202.

81 ‘there is no Royal Road to geometry'. Euclid, in MacLeod (ed.) 2002, p.4.

81 ‘wrote books on medicine, charms and cosmetics in addition to many other books ascribed to her which are known to those who practiced medicine'. El-Masudi in el-Daly 2005, p.133.

82 Toxicological interest in Plutarch,
Antony
, Dryden trans., p.774; Cassius Dio 51.11 in Scott-Kilvert trans., p.72;
De Bello Aegyptiaco
in Volkmann 1953, p.193; Ibn Wahshiya in el-Daly 2005, p.134.

82 ‘scribe of the god'. El-Daly 2005, p.134.

82 ‘a worthy young woman, skilled in speech, whose advice is bright'. Stela BM.EA.147, in Reymond 1981, p.174.

82 Egypt's female monarchs in Fletcher 2004, pp.186-225; Manetho's list in Gardiner 1964, pp.429-53; Memphite womenfolk in Reymond 1981.

84 ‘Strong Bull beloved of Maat, Daughter of Ra, beloved of Amun.' Callender 2004, p.94.

84 ‘in whose time Troy was taken'. Gardiner 1964, p.445.

84 ‘Philadelphos' in Bingen 2007, p.66, with children hailed ‘Philadelphoi', OGIS 11.741 in Bingen 2007, p.66, note 9.

84 ‘the thirtieth year which is also the first'. Skeat 1960, p.91.

84 Head of teenage Cleopatra(?) in Bianchi 2003, pl.6, p.20; Ptolemy XIFs head in Brooklyn 1988 No.57, p.154; both ‘stress their Macedonian origins' in Brooklyn 1988, p.155; similarity of features in Brooklyn 1988 p.154; Dendera crypt images in Bianchi 2003, pl.lb, p.14.

85 ‘one copy of the will had been taken to Rome by his envoys to be placed in the treasury, but had been deposited with Pompeius because it had not been possible to place it there owing to the embarrassments of the state; a second duplicate copy was left sealed for production at Alexandria'. Caesar,
Civil War
III.108, trans., Peskett, p.351.

85 ‘prophet of King Ptolemy, justified'. BM.EA.147, in Lichtheim 1980, p.64.

86 ‘King of Upper and Lower Egypt'. Lepsius in Brooklyn 1988, p.52.

86 ‘Female Horus, the Great One, Mistress of Perfection, Brilliant in Counsel, Lady of the Two Lands, Cleopatra, the Goddess who loves her Father, the Image of her Father'. Tait 2003, p.4.

86 “Upper Egyptian King of the land of the white crown, Lower Egyptian King of the land of the red crown'. Troy 1986, p.179.

87 Image of red-haired woman from Herculaneum villa, Naples Museo Nazionale Archeologico 90778 in Ward-Perkins and Claridge 1976, no.24 and Walker and Higgs (eds.,) 2001, No.325, p.314.

87 Isis' cult statue clothed in vulture feathers in Aelian in Witt 1971, p.91; see also Brooklyn 1988, no.17, p.107 and Riefstahl 1944, p.47. 87 ‘gave audience to the people under the name of the New Isis . . . appeared in public dressed in the habit of the goddess Isis'. Plutarch,
Antony
, Dryden trans., p.768.

87 ‘the black-robed queen . . . black raiment'. Plutarch in Witt 1971, p.147; ‘Wearers of Black'. Plutarch 52 in Witt 1971, p.97.

88 ‘many-coloured robe was of finest linen . . . but what caught and held my eye more than anything else was the deep black lustre of her mantle. She wore it slung across her body from the right hip to the left shoulder, where it was caught in a knot resembling the boss of a shield; but part of it hung in innumerable folds, the tasseled fringe quivering'. Apuleius, Graves trans., p.270.

88 ‘Isis the Great, Mother of the God, the Great One, the powerful, sovereign of the gods without whom no-one accedes to the palace, it is at her command the king ascends the throne'. Dunand and Zivie-Coche 2004, p.237.

88 ‘Mynonymos'. Witt 1971, p.127.

88 ‘male gods united in a bull'. Mond and Myers, II pp.25, 46-9.

89 ‘soul on body'. Mond and Emery 1929, p.4

89 ‘the living spirit of Ra born of the great Cow united with the creator gods, he is Amun who goes on his four feet, the image of Montu, lord of Thebes, the father of fathers, the mother of mothers, who renews the life of every one of the gods', after Mond and Myers 1934, I p. 14, II, pp.11-12.

89 ‘changes colour every hour and is shaggy with hair which sprouts outward contrary to the nature of all animals'. Macrobius,
Saturnalia
I.21 in Mond and Myers, 1934, II, p.27. 89 ‘only women may look at it; these stand facing it and pulling up their garments show their genitals'. Diodorus
1
.85 in Oldfather trans., p.291. 89 ‘anasyrmene'. Montserrat 1996, p.167; also Herodotus
11
.60, de Selin-court trans., p.153; Nefertiti in Vergnieux and Gondran 1997, p.89.

89 ‘took his phallus in his fist and ejaculated'. Spell 527, Faulkner 1969, p.198.

89 ‘Hail Min who fecundates his mother, how secret is that which you have done to her in the darkness'. Roberts 1995, p.89.

90 ‘Bull who copulates with fair ladies'. Spell 420, Faulkner 1977, p.68.

90 ‘bukolion'. Gordon and Schwabe 2004, p.47.

90 Nineteenth-century use of statue Louvre N.390 reported by Maspero in Montserrat 1996, p.168.

90 ‘generative light falling strongly from the moon'. Plutarch,
de hide
XLIII in Mond and Myers 1934, I, p.11.

90 ‘the Lady of the Two Lands, the goddess Philopator, rowed him in the barque of Amun, together with the royal boats, all the inhabitants of Thebes and Hermonthis and the priests being with him and he reached Hermonthis, his dwelling-place'. Buchis Stela No.13, Copenhagen, in Mond and Myers 1934, I, p.14, II, pp.11-12; Tarn 1936, p.188, Skeat 1962, p.101 and Brooklyn 1988, no.107, p.213.

91 ‘Hermonthis and beautiful Thebes were united in drunkenness and the noise was heard in heaven'. Mond and Myers 1934, I, p.13.

91 ‘as for the ruler, everyone was able to see her'. Buchis Stela No.13, Copenhagen in Goudchaux 2001, p.133.

91 ‘I adore thy majesty and give praise to your soul, O great god, self created'. Lepsius in Mond and Myers, 1934 II, pp.25, 46-49.

91 ‘on behalf of the female king [basilissa] Cleopatra, goddess Philopator'. Louvre E.27113, in Rowlandson (ed.) 1998, p.38; same portrayal of Hatshepsut see Fletcher 2004, p.218; stela of Berenike IV ‘whose principal decoration is a bearded bust wearing a nemes [king's headcloth]' in Brooklyn 1988, p.188.

92 Astronomical ceiling study in Andreu et al. 1997, pp.210-11; Cleopatra travelling to inauguration in Goudchaux 2001, p.133.

92 ‘on pain of death'. Pap. BGU 1730 in Skeat 1962, p.104.

93 ‘Pharaoh Ptolemy and Pharaoh Cleopatra, the gods who love their father'. Chaveau 2002, p.25.

93 ‘year 1 which is also year 3'. Holbl, 2001 p.231.

93 Apis burial ritual in Vos 1993, pp.144-5; Cleopatra's funding in Goudchaux 2001, p.133.

93 Stela with Isis in red crown in Farag 1975, p.166, pl.XXIII.l.

94 ‘grew up a very beautiful youth'. Plutarch
Antony
, Dryden trans., p.749. 94 ‘the firebrand and tornado of the age'. Lucius Annaeus Florus in Lindsay 1970, p.478.

94 ‘gladiatorial strength'. Cicero, Second Philipic in Grant 1960 trans., p.129.

94 ‘this is a new way of conquering, to strengthen one's position by kindness and generosity'. Caesar in Barry 2005, p.14.

95 ‘Caesar wrote admirably: his memoirs are cleanly, directly and gracefully composed, and divested of all rhetorical trappings'. Cicero in Suetonius,
Julius Caesar
56, in Graves trans., p.34.

95 ‘I earnestly invite you to join with me in carrying on the government of Rome. If, however, timidity makes you shrink from the task I shall trouble you no more. For in that case I shall govern it myself. Caesar in Grant 1968, p.148.

95 Cleopatra ‘was driven from her throne by her brother Ptolemy'. Livy,
Summaries
CXI, Schlesinger trans., p.139; Ptolemy removed Cleopatra ‘from the throne by the help of his relations and friends'. Caesar,
Civil War
III, 103 in Peskett trans., pp.343-4; ‘others blame the minister Pothinus ... he had banished Cleopatra'. Plutarch,
Caesar
XLVIII.5, Dryden trans., p.596.

96 ‘Pharaoh Cleopatra'. Chaveau 2002, p.25; her retreat south in Malalas XI.279, m Holbl 2001, p.232.

96 ‘took up residence in Arabia and Palestine'. Walker and Higgs (eds.,) 2001, p.24.

96 Askalon coins in Walker and Higgs (eds.,) 2001, p.234 ‘bear a striking relationship to her father and even evoke the likeness of Ptolemy I Soter'. Brooklyn 1988, p.184.

96 Caesar refers to ‘King Ptolemy, a boy in years, waging war with large forces against his sister Cleopatra',
Civil War
, III, 103, Peskett trans., pp.343-5; Cleopatra ‘was collecting an army in Syria'. Appian,
Roman History
11.84, in White trans., p.381.

96 ‘descended from Ares [Roman Mars] and Aphrodite [Venus] and Saviour of Mankind', based on Holbl 2001, p.289.

97 ‘reckon descent from the goddess Venus . . . can claim both the sanctity of kings who reign supreme among mortals, and the reverence due to gods, who hold even kings in their power'. Suetonius,
Julius Caesar 6
, Graves trans., p.ll.

98 ‘a dead man cannot bite'. Plutarch,
Pompey
, Dryden trans., p.537.

98 ‘he learns of the death of Pompeius'. Caesar,
Civil Wars
III. 106, Peskett trans., p.349; alternatively ‘he burst into tears'. Livy,
Summaries
CXII, Schlesinger trans., p.141.

99 ‘undaunted, with looks that ever masked his fears'. Lucan,
Civil War
10.14-20, Duff trans., p.591.

99 ‘amazing building complex comprised multiple colonnaded courts of different shapes and dimensions'. Polybius 15.25 in Grimm 2003, p.45; also described as ‘luxuriant groves and gardens and with many-coloured lodges. Below, there lies a constructed harbour out of view, which the kings used — and also Antirrhodos, an isle nearby, with a palace and small harbour of its own . . . The Sema or Tomb of Alexander is also embodied in the palace-system'. Strabo in Lindsay 1963, pp.3-4.

99 ‘visited the temples of the gods and the ancient shrines of divinity which attest the former might of Macedonia. No thing of beauty attracted him, neither the gold and ornaments of the gods, nor the city walls; but in eager haste he went down into the vault hewn out for a tomb. There lies the mad son of Macedonian Philip'. Lucan,
Civil War
10.14-20, Duff trans., p.591. 100 Caesar declared ‘King Ptolemy and his sister Cleopatra should disband the armies they controlled and should settle their disputes by process of law before himself rather than by armed force between themselves'. Caesar,
Civil Wars
III. 107, in Peskett trans., p.351.

Chapter 4

101 ‘was at a loss at how to get in undiscovered'. Plutarch,
Caesar
XLIX, Dryden trans., p.596.

101 ‘piquant wrapper'. Forster 1982, p.26, referring to ‘a bale of oriental carpets'.

101 ‘she thought of putting herself into the coverlet of a bed and lying at length, whilst Apollodorus tied up the bedding and carried it on his back through the gates to Caesar's apartments'. Plutarch,
Caesar
XLIX, Dryden trans., p.596.