Cleopatra the Great (52 page)

146 ‘the egg in the bodies of women, to provide the country with younger generations for the favour of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, beloved of Khnum'. Gillam 2005, p.119.

147 ‘Female Horus, Lady of Upper and Lower Egypt and Mighty Bull', ‘it was Cleopatra III who had provided her with her inspiration'. Whitehorne 2001, pp.147-8.

147 ‘as a giant sundial'. Arnold 1999, p.220.

148 ‘kyphi'. Plutarch,
Moralia
383.d in Montserrat 1996, p.70; ‘best quality oil'. Watterson 1979, p.168; ‘sacred oils', myrrh, unguents for statues etc. in Manmche 1999, pp.40-1, 45, 108.

148 ‘Festival of the Beautiful Union'. Gillam 2005, p.122 and Watterson 1998, pp.105-11.

148 ‘for anointing the Golden Goddess Hathor'. Manniche 1999, p.41. 148 ‘the faraway conquering god' which was ‘an excellent metaphor, in Egyptian terms, for Caesar'. Ray 2003, p.9.

148 ‘I am Horus whom Isis has brought forth and whose protection was guaranteed in the egg'. Witt 1971, p.214; protection rituals in Gillam 2005, pp.98-9.

149 ‘his being before the ancestors'. Ibrahim 1979, pp.170-1.

150 ‘would have sailed together in her state barge nearly to Ethiopia had his soldiers consented to follow him'. Suetonius,
Caesar
, 52, in Graves trans., p.32.

150 Cleopatra's Kom Ombo images in Hobl 2001, p.272; crocodile pool with ‘an elaborate fountain system'. Arnold 1999, p.220.

150 ‘the victorious crowd, gnawing his bones, ate all of him'. Juvenal XV.80-81 in Maehler 2003, p.212.

151 ‘Island from the time of Ra'. Wilkinson 2000, p.213.

151 ‘Queen of the South'. Witt 1971, p.61; Arsinoe IFs crown ‘differed from the traditional queen's crown, and was modeled on the crown of Hatshepsut'. Rowlandson (ed.) 1998, p.29.

151 ‘Mistress of Life, as she dispenses life. Men live by the command of her soul' After Dunand, and Zivie-Coche 2004, p.237.

152 ‘pure mound'. Shaw and Nicholson 1995, p.223.

152 Cleopatra's statue in Holbl, p.310; Caesar's time on the Nile ‘served to show him how important was the cult of the sovereigns, dead or alive'. Goudchaux 2001, p.134.

Chapter 6

153 Caesar states he ‘was compulsorily detained by the etesian winds, which blow directly counter to those sailing from Alexandria'. Caesar,
Civil Wars
III.107, Peskett trans., p.349.

154 ‘Kaisaros Epibaterios . . . Embarking Caesar'. Grimm 2003, p.48.

155 ‘Reliever of the birth pangs of women'. Apuleius, Graves trans., p.269.

155 ‘I have brought forth the new-born baby at the tenth orbit of the moon – fit light for the deed that is consummated'. Andros Hymn in Witt 1971, p.148.

155 ‘celibate spear'. Pliny
Natural History.
.28.33--34, Loeb trans., p.25.

155 ‘measuring the courses of the heavenly bodies; he urged her not to hurry in giving birth. At the same time he jumbled up the cosmic elements by the use of his magic powers, discovered what lay hidden in them and said to her ‘woman, contain yourself and struggle against the pressure of Nature'. Alexander Romance, in Jasnow 1997, p.98.

156 ‘literate with her wits about her . . . sound of limb, robust and according to some endowed of long slim fingers and short nails . . . She will be unperterbed, unafraid in danger and able to state clearly the reasons for her measures, bringing reassurance to her patients and be sympathetic . . . She must also keep her hands soft, abstaining from wool working which would make them hard, and she must acquire softness by means of ointments if it is not present naturally'. Soranus in Jackson 1988, pp.96-7.

157 ‘injected seed ... to appease the soul . . . one must not pay attention to the popular saying that it is necessary to provide food for two organisms'. Soranus in Jackson 1988, p.95.

157 ‘if the bulk of the abdomen is hanging down under its weight'. Soranus in Jackson 1988, p.95.

158 ‘fastening an amulet about herself. Plutarch,
De hide et Osiride
, in Witt 1971, p.213.

158 ‘one should not forbid their use, for even if the amulet has no direct effect, still through hope it will possibly make the patient more cheerful'.

Soranus in Jackson 1988, p.88.

158 ‘god of the House of Birth who opens the vagina'. Ritner 1984, p.215. 158 ‘greatest god of the womb of women'. Ritner 1984, p.217.

158 ‘bring down the womb or placenta to be said 4 times over a dwarf of clay tied to the woman's head'. Pinch 1994, p.129; Egyptian-made birth amulet from Britain in Wilson and Wright 1964.

158 Birth bricks in Wegner 2002; birth stool in Jackson 1988, p. 97; Olympias ‘on the birth stool' in Alexander Romance in Jasnow 1997, p.98.

158 ‘should beware of fixing her gaze steadfastedly on the genitals of the labouring woman, lest being ashamed, her body becomes contracted'. Jackson 1988, p.99.

158 ‘make every effort to expel the child'. Galen,
On the Natural Faculties
III.ii, in Jackson 1988, p.97.

159 ‘warm water in order to cleanse all parts; sea sponges for sponging off; pieces of wool in order for a woman's parts to be covered; bandages to swaddle the new born; a pillow to place the newborn infant below the woman until the afterbirth has also been taken care of; and things to smell, such as pennyroyal, apple and quince'. Soranus in Jackson 1988, p.97.

159 ‘before surgical operations and punctures to produce anesthesia'. Pliny,
Natural History
, XXV.44.150 in Loeb trans., p.243.

159 ‘mothers and children'. Zias in Rimon 1997, p.16; see also Nunn 1996, p.156.

159 ‘remarkable power to increase the force of uterine contractions, concomitant with a significant reduction of labour pain'. Zias et al. 1993, p.215.

159 ‘caesus'. Grant 1969, p.23 and Ellis 1978, p.74.

159 ‘expertly-made precision instruments'. Jackson 1988, p.93.

160 ‘one should do everything gently and without bruising'. Soranus in Jackson 1988, p. 104.

160 ‘Who died here? Herois. How and when? Heavy-wombed in pained labour she set down her burden — a mother she was for a moment, but the child died also. Light may the earth be on her, may Osiris bestow cool water'. Lichtheim 1980, p.7.

160 ‘on receiving my letter please be so good as to come home promptly because your poor daughter Herennia has di(ed.) And to think she had already come safely through a miscarriage. For she gave birth to a stillborn child in the 8th month, but herself survived 4 days, and only after that did she die ... so if you come and you so wish, you can see her'. Pap. Fuad 75, in Montserrat 1997, p.37.

161 ‘Great Mother of the Gods'. Witt 1971, p.131.

161 ‘Ptuwlmis djed tuw en ef Kisrs . . . Ptolemaios named Caesar'. Holbl 2001, p.238, with ‘pharaoh Caesar' on demotic stela Louvre 335 in Holbl 2001, p.238.

161 ‘the child's parentage was not in doubt. He combined Egypt and Rome in his lineage'. Southern 2001, p.123.

162 Caesar's news and plans for new law in Suetonius,
Caesar
52 in Graves trans., p.32.

162 ‘the Sun Child'. Ray 2003, p.10; Isis gave birth to sun in Plutarch,
Moralia
354.C in Tarn 1932, p.146; Caesar as Montu and Amun in Goudchaux 2001 p. 133 and Ray 2003, p.ll, who also states child equated with Alexander.

163 ‘Female Horus, the Great One, Lady of the Two Lands . . . the Goddess who loves her father . . . Image of her father'. After Tait 2003, p.4.

163 Mammisi's false door in Arnold 1999, p.223; false door of Dendera mammisi in Arnold 1999, p.231 and Holbl 2001, p.270.

163 ‘keeping dreadful death far away when in labour'. Anth. Pal.6.270, after Llewellyn-Jones 2003, p.218.

163 ‘From your mother, greetings. We received the letter from you in which you announce that you have given birth to your child. I kept praying to the gods every day on your behalf. Now that you have escaped, I am spending my days in the greatest joy. I sent you a flask full of olive oil and several pounds of dried figs'. Pap. Munch III.57, in Rowlandson (ed.) 1998, p.292.

163 ‘Cleopatras Basilisses', ‘of Cleopatra the female king' on coin BM.Cleopatra VII.3 in Walker and Higgs (eds.,) 2001, no.186, p.178, and Wyke 2002, fig.6.1, p.203.

164 ‘she had caused to be built joining the temple of Isis several tombs and monuments of wonderful height and very remarkable for their workmanship'. Plutarch,
Antony
, Dryden trans., p.775.

164 For tomb's location in Hadra quarter see Ashton 2003(b) p.28 and Ashton 2003 pp. 120-2.

164 ‘the tomb which she was building in the grounds of the palace'. Cassius Dio 51.8 in Scott-Kilvert trans., p.69

164 ‘actually formed part of the temple buildings; and if this be so Cleopatra must have had it in mind to be laid to rest within the precincts of the sanctuary of the goddess with whom she was identified'. Weigall 1914, pp.289-90.

164 ‘Came. Saw. Conquered'. Suetonius,
Caesar
‘37', Graves trans., p.25; ‘such a victory transported Caesar with incredible delight'. Caesar,
Alexandrian War 77
, Way trans., p.133.

165 ‘courteous, insincere conversations in which the two men specialised'. Grant 1969, p.181.

165 ‘Africa! I have tight hold of you!'. Suetonius,
Caesar
59, Graves trans., p.35.

165 ‘a very rare occurance'. Gillam 2004, p. 104.

165 ‘springs from the Eye of Ra . . . from the left eye of Osiris . . . from the eye of Thoth'. Manniche 1999, p.26.

166 ‘with the best of myrrh on all her limbs'. Breasted 1988, p.113.

166 ‘green eye paint for the right eye and black kohl for the left eye'. Wilson in Quirke (ed.) 1997, p.190.

166 ‘many-colored robe . . . part was glistening white, part crocus-yellow, part glowing red and along the entire hem a woven border of flowers and fruit clung swaying in the breeze ... in innumerable folds, the tasseled fringe quivering. It was embroidered with glittering stars on the hem and everywhere else, and in the middle beamed a full and fiery moon'. Apuleius, based on Graves trans, p.270.

166 ‘Black-robed Queen'. Plutarch in Witt 1971, p.97, p.147; devotees' vestments in Apuleius XI, Graves trans., p.286; priests' studded stoles in Riggs 2002, p.98.

166 ‘fell in tapering ringlets on her lovely neck'. Apuleius, Graves trans., p.270.

166 ‘shone a round disc like a mirror . . . vipers rising from the left-hand and right-hand partings of her hair'. Apuleius, based on Graves trans., p.270.

167 ‘which sang shrilly when she shook the handle'. Apuleius, based on Graves trans, p.270.

167 ‘filled with every kind of real precious stones, every kind of perfume, every kind of grain'. Shore 1979 p.149.

167 ‘Ptolemy living forever beloved of Ptah . . . Lady of Dendera, Lady of Heaven, Mistress of All Gods'. After Shore 1979, pp.138-41.

167 ‘Festival Scent . . . Madjet'. Manniche 1999, p.108; ‘secret unguent'. Manniche 1999, p.45; ‘for anointing the golden goddess Hathor, great mistress of Dendera'. Manniche 1999, pp.40-1.

168 ‘may have had a performative function'. Gillam 2004, p.108.

169 ‘generative light falling strongly from the moon'. Plutarch, in Mond and Myers 1934 I, p.ll.

169 ‘your sister Isis comes to you, rejoicing in love for you, she placed your phallus on her vulva and your seed issues into her, she being as alert as a star'. Spell 632a-633b, based on Benard and Moon (eds) 2169, p.228.

169 ‘the Moon'. Cassius Dio 50.5, Scott-Kilvert trans., p.39.

169 ‘at this secret hour that the Moon-goddess, sole sovereign of mankind, is possessed of her greatest power and majesty. She is the shining deity by whose divine influence not only all beasts, wild and tame, but all inanimate things as well, are invigorated; whose ebbs and flows control the rhythm of all bodies whatsoever, whether in the air, on earth, or below the sea'. Apuleius, Graves trans., p.268.

171 Two hundred and forty gold pieces in Suetonius,
Caesar
38, Graves trans., p.26; 60,000 gold pieces = 1,500,000 denarii based on Suetonius,
Caesar
50, Graves p.31, so 240 gold pieces = 6,000 denarii.

171 ‘chanting ribald songs as they were privileged to do, this was one of them — “Gaul was brought to shame by Caesar, by King Nicomedes he. Here comes Caesar, wreathed in Triumph for his Gallic victory'”. — Suetonius,
Caesar
49 in Graves trans., p.31.

172 ‘between two lines of elephants, 40 in all, which acted as his torch-bearers'. Suetonius,
Caesar
37, in Graves trans., p.25.

173 ‘see how easily an old man slips . . . the man who many fear must also fear many himself. Decimus Laberius in Grant 1969, p.192 and Volkmann 1958, p.83.

173 ‘he was a gladiator'. Juvenal,
Satires
VI.110 in Green trans., p.13.

174 ‘what modesty can be looked for in some helmeted hoyden, a renegade from her sex, who thrives on masculine violence'. Juvenal,
Satires
VI.254-257, in Green trans., p.136; female gladiator with Anubis lamps in Kennedy 2000, p.11; Amazons as Isis devotees in Lichtheim 1980, pp.151-56.

174 ‘a display recorded to have been thought more wonderful even than the show of gladiators which he gave'. Pliny
Natural History
XIX.22, in Loeb trans., p.435.

174 ‘to sleep in tents pitched along the streets or roads, or on rooftops'. Suetonius,
Caesar
39, Graves trans., p.27.

175 ‘an overnight celebrity'. Garland 2005, p.28.

Chapter 7

179 Cleopatra's correspondence with Theon dated 7 March 46
BC
and 14 March 46
BC
, stating ‘Theon, to the city of the Ptolemaeans, greetings. Subjoined is a copy of the proclamation transmitted to us, together with the command in response, so that you may know it and deposit it in your public archives as fitting. Take care of yourselves, so you may be well, Farewell, year 6, phamenoth 12'. Van Minnen 2003, p.43.