Colin Woodard (54 page)

2
W. H. Gray,
History of Oregon
,
1792–1849
, Portland, OR: Harris & Holman, 1870, p. 19; Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921, pp. 52–53.

3
Lyman Beecher,
A Plea for the West
, Cincinnati: Truman and Smith, 1835, pp. 30, 37, 48–61; Kevin Starr,
Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973, p. 93.

4
Gray (1870), pp. 312–318; Holbrook (1950), pp. 226–227; Bridgman (1920), pp. 208–215.

5
David Alan Johnson,
Founding the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada
,
1840–1890
, Berkeley: University of California Press (1950), 1992, pp. 56–57.

6
D. A. Johnson, pp. 64, 139–149, 162–163; Holbrook (1950), pp. 227–230.

7
Holbrook (1950), pp. 235, 237, 252–253; Phillips (1969), p. 418;
Japanese Immigration: An Exposition of Its Real Status
, Seattle: Japanese Association of the Pacific Northwest, 1907, pp. 11, 46; Alexander Rattray,
Vancouver Island and British Columbia
, London: Smith, Elder & Co.: 1863, pp. 9, 16, 159, 171–173; Merk (1978), pp. 327, 417.

8
Starr (1973), pp. 26–27; D. A. Johnson (1992), pp. 20–22; Gerald Foster,
American Houses
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004, pp. 212–215.

9
D. A. Johnson (1992), pp. 20–22.

10
“Missionary Correspondence: California, August 1st, 1849,”
The Home Missionary
, Vol. 22, No. 7, November 1849, pp. 163–168; Malcolm J. Rohrbough,
Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, p. 156; Kevin Starr and Richard J. Orsi,
Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000, pp. 25, 50.

11
“Mission to California,”
The Home Missionary
, Vol. 21, No. 9, January 1849, pp. 193–196.

12
Starr (1973), p. 86.

13
Bridgman (1920), pp. 180–195; Starr (1973), p. 87; Holbrook (1950), pp. 151–156.

14
Starr (1973), p. 87; D. A. Johnson (1992), pp. 35–36; S. R. Rockwell, “Sabbath in New England and California,”
San Francisco Bulletin
, 1 September 1860, p. 1.

15
Starr, pp. 93–94; D. A. Johnson, pp. 104–108. California's first governor, Peter Hardeman Burnett, was born to a poor family in Nashville; his successor, John McDougall, was a war veteran and native of Appalachian Ross County, Ohio.

1
Edith Abbott,
Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem: Select Documents
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926, p. 330.

2
American Slavery as It Is
, New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1839, pp. 16, 97, 169–170.

3
See
http://atlas.lib.niu.edu/Website/Election_1860/
; Fischer (1989), p. 857.

4
Freehling (2007), pp. 27–30; John Henry Hammond,
Two Letters on Slavery in the United States
, Columbia, SC: Allen, McCarter & Co., 1845, p. 10.

5
Freehling (2007), pp. 30–32; Hammond (1845), p. 15.

6
London Times
, 28 May 1851, p. 10.

7
Ibid.

8
Phillips (1999), p. 372; Marc Engal, “Rethinking the Secession of the Lower South: The Clash of Two Groups,”
Civil War History
, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2004, pp. 261–290; Dunbar Rowland,
Encyclopedia of Mississippi History
, Vol. 1, Madison, WI: Selwyn A. Brant, 1907, pp. 216–217.

9
William C. Wright,
The Secession Movement in the Middle Atlantic States
, Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1973, pp. 210–212.

10
Phillips (1999), pp. 424–427; Burrows and Wallace (2000), pp. 560–562.

11
Wright (1973), pp. 176–178; “Mayor Wood's Recommendation on the Secession of New York City,” 6 January 1861; “The Position of New York,”
New York Herald
, 3 April 1861, p. 1.

12
Wright (1973), pp. 191, 203–205.

13
Phillips (1999), pp. 435–436; Wright (1973), pp. 34–46.

14
Wright (1973), pp. 40, 161–162.

15
Freehling (2007), pp. 35–38.

16
In the time of the English Civil War, supporters of Parliament had been called “Roundheads” on account of their then unusual preference for short-cropped hair.

17
Robert B. Bonner, “Roundheaded Cavaliers? The Context and Limits of a Confederate Racial Project,”
Civil War History
, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2002, pp. 34–35, 42, 44–45, 49; “A Contest for the Supremacy of Race, as between the Saxon Puritan of the North and the Norman of the South,”
Southern Literary Messenger
, Vol. 33, July 1861, pp. 23–24; J. Quitman Moore, “Southern Civilization, or the Norman in America,”
DeBow's Review
, Vol. 32, January 1862, pp. 11–13; Jan C. Dawson, “The Puritan and the Cavalier: The South's Perceptions of Contrasting Traditions,”
Journal of Southern History
, Vol. 64, No. 4, November 1978, pp. 600, 609–612.

18
Etcheson (1996), pp. 109–110.

19
Ibid., pp. 110–111, 115–117.

20
Engal (2004), pp. 262, 285–286; Freehling (2007), pp. 501–506; Richard Nelson Current,
Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy
, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992, pp. 1–8.

21
Current, pp. 14–20, 29–60; Etcheson (1996), pp. 137–129.

22
Freehling (2007), pp. 527–541.

23
Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution
,
1863–1877
, New York: Harper & Row, 1988, pp. 354–355; Fischer (1989), pp. 862–863.

24
Fischer (1989), p. 863.

1
Walter Griffith quoted in John Phillip Reid, “Punishing the Elephant: Malfeasance and Organized Criminality on the Overland Trail,”
Montana: The Magazine of Western History
, Vol. 47, No. 1, Spring 1997, p. 8.

2
D. A. Johnson (1992), pp. 72–76.

3
Ibid., pp. 223–225.

4
Ibid., pp. 313–331.

5
Marc Reisner,
Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water
, New York: Viking, 1987, p. 37; James B. Hedges, “The Colonization Work of the Northern Pacific Railroad,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, Vol. 13, No. 3, December 1926, p. 313.

6
Hedges (1926), pp. 311–312, 329–331, 337; Reisner, pp. 37–39.

7
Reisner (1987), pp. 35–43.

8
Ibid., pp. 46–48.

9
Ibid., pp. 105–110; Bernard DeVoto, “The West Against Itself,”
Harper's Magazine
, January 1947, pp. 2–3; DeVoto (1934), p. 364.

10
John Gunther,
Inside USA
, New York: Harper, 1947, p. 152.

11
Tom Kenworthy, “Mining Industry Labors to Drown Montana Water Quality Initiative,”
Washington Post
, 30 October 1996, p. A3; Gunther, pp. 166–174; Carl B. Glasscock.
The War of the Copper Kings
, New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1935.

12
Morris E. Garnsey, “The Future of the Mountain States,”
Harper's Magazine
, October 1945, pp. 329–336.

13
Amy Bridges, “Managing the Periphery in the Gilded Age: Writing Constitutions for the Western States,”
Studies in American Political Development
, Vol. 22, Spring 2008, pp. 48–56; Phillips (1969), pp. 399–402.

14
Michael Lind, “The New Continental Divide,”
The Atlantic
, January 2003, pp. 87–88; Thomas Burr, “Senators Form New Western Caucus,”
Salt Lake Tribune
, 24 June 2009; Transcript of Republican Senator's News Conference, Washington, D.C., 24 June 2009,
CQ Transcripts
, 24 June 2009; Tom Kenworthy, “ ‘Self-Reliant' Westerners Love Federal Handouts,”
Salt Lake Tribune
, 4 July 2009.

1
Phillips (1999), pp. 588–589; Peter D. Salins,
Assimilation, American Style
, New York: Basic Books, 1997, pp. 22–30; Huntington (2004), pp. 45, 57.

2
Howard Odum and Harry Estill Moore,
American Regionalism
, New York: Henry Holt, 1938, p. 438; Salins, p. 148; U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Nativity of the Population, for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1850 to 1990,” Internet Release: 9 March 1999.

3
Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
Beyond the Melting Pot
, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press and Harvard University Press, 1964, pp. 138–139, 185, 217–219; Leonard Dinnerstein and David M. Reimers,
Ethnic Americans: A History of Immigration and Assimilation
, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1977, pp. 41–45.

4
Salins (1997), p. 69.

5
Maris A. Vinovskis,
Education, Society, and Economic Opportunity
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995, pp. 109–110; John Dewey,
Schools of Tomorrow
, New York: E. P. Dutton, 1915, pp. 313–316; Salins (1997), pp. 64–66.

6
Horace Mann,
Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Board of Education of Massachusetts for the Years 1845–1848
, Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1891, pp. 36–37; H. H. Wheaton, “Education of Immigrants,” in Winthrop Talbot, ed.,
Americanization
, 2nd ed., New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1920, pp. 207–208.

7
Salins (1997), pp. 46–48; Huntington (2004), pp. 129–135; Stephen Mayer, “Adapting the Immigrant to the Line: Americanization in the Ford Factory, 1914–1921,”
Journal of Social History
, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Autumn 1980), pp. 67–82.

8
Huntington (2004), pp. 11–20, 30–42.

9
Ibid., pp. 221–255; Pew Hispanic Center,
Mexican Immigrants in the United States, 2008
[fact sheet], 15 April 2009.

10
Juan Enriquez,
The Untied States of America
, New York: Crown, 2002, pp. 171–191; Associated Press, “Professor Predicts Hispanic Homeland,” 31 January 2000.

1
David M. Chalmers,
Hooded Americans: The History of the Ku Klux Klan
, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987, p. 16.

2
Clifford J. Clarke, “The Bible Belt Thesis: An Empirical Test of the Hypothesis of Clergy Overrepresentation,”
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
, Vol. 29, No. 2, June 1990, pp. 213–216; Martin E. Marty,
Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America
, New York: Dial Press, 1970, pp. 178–206; Phillips (2006), pp. 142–148; Charles Reagan Wilson,
Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause
,
1865–1920
, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1980, pp. 64–65, 71.

3
Wilson, pp. 41–43.

4
Chalmers, pp. 16–21.

5
Davis et al., (1941), p. 392–400; Webb (2004), pp. 238–252.

6
Marty (1970), pp. 178–206.

7
James C. Klotter, “The Black South and White Appalachia,”
Journal of American History
, Vol. 66, No. 4, March 1980, pp. 832–849.

8
K. Austin Kerr, “Organizing for Reform: The Anti-Saloon League and Innovation in Politics,”
American Quarterly
, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1980, pp. 37–53; Ruth B. A. Bordin,
Frances Willard: A Biography
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986, pp. 14–27; Harold Underwood Faulkner,
The Quest for Social Justice: 1898–1914
, New York: Macmillan, 1931, pp. 222–227.

9
Faulkner, pp. 178–184; Herbert J. Doherty Jr., “Alexander J. McKelway: Preacher to Progressive,”
Journal of Southern History
, Vol. 24, No. 2 (May 1958), pp. 177–190.

10
Fischer (2004), p. 451; Alma Lutz,
Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian
, Washington, D.C., Zenger Publications, 1976, pp. 21–40; Elisabeth Griffith,
In Her Own Right: The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton
, New York: Oxford University Press; 1985, pp. 4–7; 227–228; Andrea Moore Kerr,
Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality
, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992, pp. 20–28; Nate Levin,
Carrie Chapman Catt: A Life of Leadership
, Seattle: Book-Surge, 2006.

11
Ross Wetzsteon,
Republic of Dreams
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002, pp. 1–14.

12
Noah Feldman,
Divided by God: America's Church-State Problem and What We Should Do About It
, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 52, 115–117, 127–132, 138.

13
Marty (1970), pp. 215–226.

14
R. Halliburton Jr., “Reasons for Anti-Evolutionism Succeeding in the South,”
Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences
, Vol. 46 (1965), pp. 155–158.

15
Feldman (2005), pp. 146–149, Phillips (2006), pp. 113–119.

1
While the movement against Jim Crow in Dixie was Gandhi-esque, frustrations with informal racism in the Northern alliance triggered an armed uprising in Detroit and violent riots in many other cities, particularly after MLK's assassination.