Collins Cobuild English Grammar (196 page)

With all
-ing
participles, the
ing
is pronounced as a separate syllable:
/
I
ŋ/
.

With verbs whose base form ends with one of the sounds
/f/
,
/k/
,
/p/
,
/s/
,
/ʃ/
, or
/tʃ/
, the
ed
of the past form is pronounced
/t/
. For example,
pressed
is pronounced
/prest/
and
watched
is pronounced
/wɒtʃt/
.

With verbs whose base forms ends with the sound
/d/
or
/t/
, the
ed
of the past form is pronounced
/d/
. For example,
patted
is pronounced
/pæId/
and
faded
is pronounced
/feIdId/
.

With all other verbs, the
ed
of the past form is pronounced
/d/
. For example,
joined
is pronounced
/ʤɔInd/
and
lived
is pronounced
/lIvd/
.

R60
    With most verbs that end in
e
, the
-ing
participle is formed by substituting
ing
for the final
e
. Similarly, you substitute
ed
for the final
e
to form the past form.

dance		dancing		danced
smile		smiling		smiled
fade		fading		faded

R61
    In the case of a few verbs ending in
e
, you just add
ing
in the normal way to form the
-ing
participle. You still substitute
ed
for
e
to form the past.

singe		singeing		singed
agree		agreeing		agreed

Here is a list of these verbs:

age

agree

binge

canoe

disagree

dye

eye

flee

free

glue

knee

queue

referee

see

singe

tiptoe

whinge

R62
    To form the
-ing
participle of a verb that ends in
ie
, you substitute
ying
for
ie
.

tie

tying