Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (497 page)
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Authors: Timothy Darvill
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organic materials
[De].
[De].
Substances such as bone, wood, horn, or hide that were once living organisms.
organization
[Ge].
[Ge].
A large group of individuals, involving a definite set of authority relations. Many types of organization exist in industrial societies, influencing most aspects of everyday life. While not all organizations are bureaucratic, there are quite close links between the development of organizations and bureaucratic tendencies.
oriel
[De].
[De].
A large polygonal recess built out from the upper storey of a building, being supported from the ground by columns or piers or on corbels in the wall. Some oriels are partly or wholly glazed and are known as oriel windows. Oriels developed in the 15th century
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orientation
[De].
[De].
The direction of an object from a given position. Sometimes used in place of ‘alignment’, but this is careless usage. All objects and structures will have an orientation whether or not anything is aligned on them.
Orient Tradition
[CP].
[CP].
Terminal Archaic Stage hunter-gatherer communities living in the New York region of the eastern seaboard of North America in the period from about 1320 to 700 bc. Descended from the Susquehanna Tradition, these communities are characterized by the use of long narrow projectile points with fish-tail bases. Oval and rectangular soapstone bowls were used, especially in large base camps and appear to have been highly prized. Most of the settlements were along rivers and around the coast. Cremation was the local burial tradition.
Orkney–Cromarty–Hebridean Group
[MC].
[MC].
A regional tradition of middle and late Neolithic
PASSAGE GRAVES
found in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland. There is considerable variety among the 300 or so known examples, but most comprise round mounds with centrally placed chambers. In early examples the chambers are small and relatively simple in form, but later they become larger and have more complicated arrangements with side cells and, in the case of the
STALLED CAIRNS
of Orkney, many subdivisions. Some ‘double-decker’ chambers with two levels are also known.
PASSAGE GRAVES
found in the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland. There is considerable variety among the 300 or so known examples, but most comprise round mounds with centrally placed chambers. In early examples the chambers are small and relatively simple in form, but later they become larger and have more complicated arrangements with side cells and, in the case of the
STALLED CAIRNS
of Orkney, many subdivisions. Some ‘double-decker’ chambers with two levels are also known.
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