Crimes and Mercies (46 page)
Read Crimes and Mercies Online
Authors: James Bacque
Tags: #Prisoners of war, #war crimes, #1948, #1949, #World War II, #Canadian history, #ebook, #1946, #concentration camps, #1944, #1947, #Herbert Hoover, #Germany, #1950, #Allied occupation, #famine relief, #world history, #1945, #book, #Mackenzie King, #History
Russell, Bertrand,
36
Russell, Richard B., Jr,
32
Russia, see USSR
Sack, John,
105
Save the Children Fund,
155
Scharf, Hanns,
44–6
Schenck, Ernst-Günther,
199
Schlabrendorf, Fabian von,
130
Schmidt, Kurt,
100
Schmitt, Paul,
44
Schmitt, Otto,
45
school feeding programme,
156–7
Schulz, Martha, see Kent, Martha
scientists, Nazi,
131
Second World War: perceptions of,
173–4
; and West’s alliance with USSR,
17–25
,
70
,
126–7
,
132
,
169
Select Committee on Estimates (UK),
145–6
self-determination, principle of,
94
Sellner, William,
46
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur,
87
SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force),
47
,
55
,
78
,
146
shipping,
30
,
31
,
88
,
140
; crews,
116
Siegfriedt, Frederick,
47–9
Silesia,
94
,
98
,
100–1
,
106
,
112
,
199
;
see also Poland
slave labour,
92
; in France,
58
; in Poland,
103
,
112
; in USSR,
63
,
65–7
,
102
,
113
Smith, Arthur L., Jr,
208
Smith, Fred,
25–6
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander,
62
,
63
,
68
,
106
,
184
Soviet Union, see USSR
Soviet zone of Germany: and agriculture,
203
; death rates,
110
,
188
; starvation in,
90
spies: author and,
193–4
; conversion of Soviet prisoners into,
67
; ex-Nazis as,
131
Spietz, Herr and Frau Wolfgang,
49–50
Stalin, Joseph,
22
,
23
,
28
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
131
,
162
,
206
; persecution of Mennonites,
161
; policy on prisoners,
65
; and Polish territory,
20
,
94
; wartime public image,
18
,
19
Stalingrad,
63–4
starvation: in British zone,
32–4
,
35
,
90
,
93
; in French zone,
35
,
90
,
167
; in Germany,
32–6
,
89–93
,
143–69
; in Soviet zone,
90
; in US zone,
90
;
see also food rations; food relief
programmes; food supplies; Morgenthau Plan
statistics: additions to population,
187
; death rate totals,
185–7
,
201–4
; discrepancies,
56–7
,
107–25
; fate of expellees,
189–91
; French,
57–8
,
109
,
112–13
; German civilian death rates,
188–9
,
204
; individual towns,
198–201
; OMGUS,
108
,
109–12
,
117
,
119
; omission of prisoners from censuses,
209–11
; post-war surveys,
207–9
; reasons for secrecy,
125–8
; sources,
187
,
201
,
204–6
; Soviet,
69–74
,
75
,
79–83
,
84
,
117
,
205–6
; surveys of missing persons,
74–5
,
76–7
,
207–9
; see also death rates
Statistisches Bundesamt,
108
,
111
,
116
,
118
,
119
,
198
,
200
,
204
,
209
Stauffenberg, Claus von,
133
Stettinius, Edward,
36
Stolper, Gustav,
107
,
108
,
110
,
113
,
114
,
201
,
210
Strahov stadium,
99–100
Sudetenland,
94
,
98
; see also Czechoslovakia
Switzerland, aid from,
154
,
155
,
157
TB, see tuberculosis
theft of goods,
149
Thirty Years’ War,
127
Thomaswaldau,
113
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,
7
Treaty of Versailles,
10
,
18
,
128
Treitschke, Heinrich von,
127
Truman, Harry S.,
130
,
141
; arranges investigation into camps,
111
; enlists Hoover’s help,
36
,
37
,
111–12
,
136
,
137–8
,
143–4
; keeps German prisoners in USA,
59
; lifts US price controls,
140
; and Marshall Plan,
162
; and reparations,
163
; response to protests about famine,
31–2
,
36–7
typhus,
112
Ukraine,
23
unconditional surrender, principle of,
174
United Kingdom, see Britain
United Nations,
24
,
132
,
176
,
178
; and Human Rights,
173
,
177–8
; statistics,
116
; Third Committee,
75–6
; World Food Appraisal report (1946),
146
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration,
31
,
37
,
133
,
137–8
,
149
,
160
United States of America, see USA
UNRRA, see United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
US Army: Adsec (Advance Section),
56
; destruction of records,
208
; 50th Field Hospital Detachment,
52
; 560th Ambulance Company,
50
; handover of camps to French,
54–5
,
56
,
57
; Medical Officer,
119
; obstructs relief efforts,
157–8
; 106th Division,
51
,
52–3
,
54
,
55
; PW and DEF reports,
56
; starvation of prisoners policy,
40–52
US Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations,
146
US Public Health officers,
35
US Senate: ignorance of US camps,
59–60
; opposition to Morgenthau Plan,
30–2
,
37–8
,
59
US State Department: opposition to Hoover,
134
,
144
; ‘Outline of Factors Determining Russia’s Interest in American Credits’,
24
; and reparations,
164
US zone of Germany: death rates,
108
,
109–12
,
118
,
119
,
209–11
; food relief in,
153–4
,
156
; starvation in,
90–1
; see also OMGUS
USA: aid to Britain,
21
,
22
; aid to USSR,
23
,
132
; alliance with USSR,
19–21
,
22–5
; and disputed prisoner figures,
78
; food consumption,
145
; and food relief,
135–44
; food surpluses,
139
,
141
,
142–3
,
146
; forced labour in,
58
; military power in 1945,
24
; modern economy,
170
; and Nazi scientists,
131
; prison population,
171
; sympathy with Poland,
22
; threat from USSR,
23
USSR: accuracy of prisoner records,
79–83
,
84
,
117
; accusations of Allies against,
75–8
,
82–3
; archives,
69–74
,
75
,
79–83
,
84
,
117
,
205–6
; conflicts with Britain,
21
; co-operation with Hitler,
18
; enforced repatriations to,
20
,
72–3
,
132
,
133
; expansionism,
169
; expulsions policy,
123
,
150
; and First World War,
7–9
,
12–13
; Hitler’s attack on,
18
; and Katyn massacre,
71–2
,
128
,
133
; need for Western aid,
23
; and Poland,
17
,
18
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
63
,
94
,
133
; and reeducation,
63
,
67
,
130
; and reparations,
166
; threat to USA,
23
; uprisings against,
23
; West’s alliance with,
17–25
,
70
,
126–7
,
132
,
169
; see also Gulag; Red Army; Soviet zone of Germany
Vogel, Karl,
91
Volkogonov, Dmitri,
70
Vorkuta Gulag,
63
Walker, E. B.,
60
war crimes, post-1945,
171
Weimar Republic, see Germany: Weimar Republic
Weizsäcker, Ernst von,
130
Wemyss, Rosslyn,
13
wheat,
140–1
,
146
,
147
,
150
,
169–70
Wheeler-Bennett, John W.,
131
Wherry, Kenneth,
31–2
,
37
,
126
,
158
Willis, F. Roy,
35
Wilson, Woodrow,
7
,
11
,
12
,
14
,
15
,
25
,
174
; ‘
14
Points’,
7
,
11
Yates, Jane,
60
Zacher, Jakob M.,
49
Zentralausschuß zur Verteilung ausländischer Liebesgaben,
151
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Crimes and Mercies
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Other Losses
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Copyright © 2007 James Bacque
Talonbooks
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On the cover: American soldier guarding a camp near Remagen (April 1945).
National Archives photo no. 111-SC-204919
Cover design by Adam Swica
Revised Edition, First Printing: 2007
The publisher gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts; the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program; and the Province of British Columbia through the British Columbia Arts Council and the Book Publishing Tax Credit for our publishing activities.
No part of this book, covered by the copyright hereon, may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic or mechanical—without prior permission of the publisher, except for excerpts in a review. Any request for photocopying of any part of this book shall be directed in writing to Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), 1 Yonge Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5E 1E5; tel.: (416) 868-1620; fax: (416) 868-1621.
Crimes and Mercies: The Fate of German Civilians Under Allied Occupation,
1944–1950
was originally published by Little, Brown: Great Britain, 1997.
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