Crusade (11 page)

‘But the rule of law, and respect for all people, must be just as difficult to achieve as freeing England from the Normans.’

‘Perhaps … but, like those who died at Ely, we can each find our own destiny in fighting for a cause – even if the cause seems impossible to achieve. Because nothing is truly impossible.’

‘Do you really believe that?’

‘Yes, I do. Hereward taught me that when I watched him lead a few hundred men against William and the entire Norman army.’

8. Atrocity at Gateshead

As we travelled north our welcome was less enthusiastic, but still courteous. Beyond Peterborough, the population was far more Anglo-Dane than Saxon and their loyalty to England had always been meagre, so it was hardly surprising that they should be lukewarm in their greeting to the Normans.

In the north and west, the Norman marcher barons ruled largely hostile territory from the safety of their redoubtable donjons, many of which were having their original timber structures replaced by massive stone keeps, deep ditches and high curtain walls. There was still unease in those parts of the country; the people looked cowed, their Norman lords apprehensive.

Almost no one recognized me, which was a relief. I had been a clean-shaven boy when I left England, now I sported cropped whiskers, fashionable in Europe, rather than the full beard of Britain and Scandinavia, and wore the garb of a Norman lord; to all intents and purposes, I appeared to be one of them.

For Adela and Sweyn, the journey through Northumbria was a trying time. Although they had witnessed the brutality at the end of the Siege of Ely, the enormous scale of the horrors of the Harrying of the North was almost too much to comprehend. Each devastated village, with its hideous corpses and decaying fragments of buildings, was a glaring
reminder of the massacre at Bourne and what they had suffered there. I watched them carefully, fearing that at any moment they might leap on to the nearest of our Norman comrades and slit his throat!

We reached York in time for the celebration of a very singular day for the burgh. Although the north-west was still a wasteland, a few people were returning to the major eastern burghs of the past, such as York and Durham, where a modicum of normality was beginning to return.

Not only were the Normans building mighty fortresses in praise of their military prowess, they were also erecting great cathedrals in homage to God. Thomas of Bayeux, who had been appointed Archbishop of York by the King, had taken ten years to gather the resources to begin a new cathedral to replace the derelict Saxon minster. When he heard of our journey to the North, he decided that it was a perfect opportunity for Robert to lay the foundation stone. So, amidst great panoply, yet another Norman monument began on the site of a place of worship that was centuries old.

Thomas of Bayeux was that other type of Norman – not the marauding warlord intent on building a military empire, but the builder of cultural empires, a man devoted to creating places of learning and for the worship of God. He had a kindly demeanour, but still had the gleam of the zealot in his eyes.

He greeted Robert like a prodigal son, overjoyed that such a prominent Norman would anoint his new project. A man of at least forty years of age, Thomas would of course never see his homage to God completed, but it
mattered little to him; it would be his legacy to future generations and his gift to God. Those were the only things that were important. This was the power of the Normans – their desire to create a lasting legacy based on their immense martial prowess and their unshakeable faith in themselves and in God.

As we watched the masons and churchwrights busy themselves in preparation for laying the foundation stone, I tried to explain to Adela and Sweyn why I respected our Norman conquerors.

‘Look at them – like ants, relentless. It’s little wonder that Normans are sought after everywhere as soldiers and builders.’

Adela seized on my analogy.

‘More like pigs, to my mind – and it is our trough they’re feeding from. This church will be built with the sweat of thousands of English peasants, and thousands more will be made to pay unfair tithes to support it.’

‘I concede that it will not be built without sacrifice, but I wager that when the common people of Northumbria see their church rise to the heavens, they will be proud of it and claim it as their own.’

Sweyn added his own voice to Adela’s argument.

‘But they won’t have a choice.’

‘I agree, and that is to be regretted. But one day people will have choices – even the lowliest villein. I am committed to that.’

‘Indeed, sire, we know you are. That is why Adela and I have sworn our allegiance to you and Edwin.’

‘I am delighted that you have. This is only the beginning of a long road together; let us hope our path is not
too arduous and that at the end of it we will feel that the journey has been worth it.’

When it came to the time for the ceremony, Thomas of Bayeux blessed the huge cornerstone as it hung over its position in the south-east corner of what would be the nave of the new church. The remains of the old Saxon minster had been cleared away and a deep trench for the footings of the new nave had been dug. The trench seemed to go on for ever, suggesting a building of huge proportions. The cornerstone was a cube, half the height and width of a man, and had to be lowered into position by block and tackle and a team of oxen. Before it was set down, Robert placed a pouch of silver and a small crucifix in the trench beneath the stone. When it was in place, the masons backfilled the trench with rubble and the first of the thousands of pieces of finely dressed limestone that would be fashioned into the new church was laid.

Robert turned to us and smiled.

‘The silver is from my own mint in Rouen; the coins have my head on them. When they were clearing the site, they found coins minted with the head of Alfred the Great. I had them melted down; I think my image will last a lot longer.’

We all smiled at Robert. He was not being arrogant; he meant what he said. Such was the bravado of the Normans, he knew that the churches his countrymen were building would be substantial enough to stand much longer than those of the Saxons.

York also brought the final additions to our army. The contingents from William’s northern magnates joined us
there, giving us a formidable force over 5,000 strong. As usual it was a highly disciplined, well-provisioned professional army capable of putting the fear of God into its enemies and able to deliver a mighty blow should the intimidation not work.

Like his father, Robert had created four conroi of elite cavalry, 100 horsemen in total, as his own hearthtroop. I had the honour of commanding the second of those, composed largely of men from my own retinue. It was named the Cerdician Conroi in honour of my royal lineage – a great irony, under the circumstances, but only one of many anomalies, oddities and absurdities in England in those early days of Norman rule.

Edwin continued to be my standard-bearer, and Sweyn and Adela rode behind me as page knights-in-waiting.

As soon as we left York, I unfurled my war banner and the Wyvern of Wessex flew over English soil once more, another incongruity in bewildering times. Robert did not mind in the slightest. In fact, he said he was proud to have King Harold’s famous ensign in his ranks.

We reached Durham in the second week of September. It was a bleak and desolate place. The iron fist of the Normans did not rule as firmly that far north, and in the spring there had been a gruesome massacre.

Walchere of Liège, both Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumbria, had become yet another victim of the lawlessness of the far reaches of England’s northern wilderness. Many of the Northumbrian nobles and thegns had found refuge in Scotland or escaped to the high fells during William’s onslaught of the winter of 1069. Now they were returning to their estates and villages and
attempting to rebuild them. It did not take long for tensions to surface with the new Norman rulers.

In trying to settle a dispute between his Norman retinue and the local Northumbrian knights, Walchere had agreed to travel to Gateshead with a large force of his household knights to meet the local aristocratic families. Old enmities arose at the meeting and boiled over into violence. Walchere and his men were overpowered and locked in the church, which was then torched. Many died in the flames and any who escaped were butchered as they left. Over a hundred men were killed, almost all of them Normans.

When Robert heard the details of the slaughter, he acted with the ruthless efficiency that was the hallmark of Norman rule. Like the Roman disciplines of the past, the tenet was simple: work hard, pay your tithes, stay on the right side of the law and you will prosper; become idle, avoid your taxes or break the law and you will be punished with a ferocity that you will never forget.

Like his father’s Harrying of the North ten years earlier, Robert ordered his conroi to travel far and wide to find the perpetrators of the atrocity at Gateshead. For understandable reasons, my conroi was spared this odious task, but within two weeks the patrols had returned.

Their reports made my blood run cold. In total, 251 men had been killed in the chase or executed. Each arrested man had been tortured to extract the names of all who were involved in the massacre until the Normans were satisfied that all the culprits had been dealt with.

Where a man had been hiding in a village or farm, all the buildings were torched, livestock killed and the people
cast out. The execution of the leading figure in the outrage, Eadulf Rus, a local nobleman related to the powerful Earls of Bamburgh, was saved until last and carried out in full view of the entire population of Durham, who had been ordered to attend.

With Normandy’s finest standing sentinel on their huge destriers, Eadulf Rus was dragged from the cage in which he had been incarcerated since his capture. He was in a bad way; he had been blinded, his tongue ripped out and his legs and arms broken by repeated blows from Norman maces.

He was still conscious as his body was hauled across the grassy bailey beneath the newly reinforced wooden keep being built above it. The crowd, mainly Anglo-Danes and kinsmen of Eadulf who had returned to their homes to try to rebuild their lives, was silent.

Robert sat on his destrier, his helmet set down, his face stern; he addressed the crowd in Latin.

‘I am Robert, Count of Normandy, son of William, King of England and Duke of Normandy. Let those who would slaughter a bishop of Christ and an earl of England, and over a hundred of his kin, understand that this will be their retribution.’

He then signalled to the execution party and Eadulf’s limp body was laid beside a mounting block, his head raised by its hair and his neck stretched to give the executioner a clear strike. One of the Normans’ most formidable sergeants-at-arms stepped forward, bowed to his lord and took Robert’s sword.

It took three blows to sever Eadulf’s head from his body, but it was done. There were a few gasps from the crowd
and sobbing could be heard from some of the women, but in the main there was silence. The Northumbrian’s head was stuck on a spike above the gates of the castle and his body thrown into the River Wear. The crowd shuffled away dispassionately, hiding their true feelings from their Norman masters.

It was difficult to comprehend what they must have felt about the cruelty they had just witnessed. They had seen so much killing and knew only too well what the Normans were capable of.

Were they intimidated by what they had witnessed?

Probably not.

Were they angered and yet more emboldened to continue their resistance?

Unlikely.

Were they overwhelmed by the volume of suffering endured in over ten years of hardship, so as to be almost numb to any further pain?

Almost certainly.

I spent the evening with Edwin, Adela and Sweyn.

‘No one deserves to die like that.’

It was the first time I had heard Adela speak with a tremor of emotion in her voice.

‘Adela, it was a horrific punishment. But remember, he was a man who burned to death over 100 men.’

‘The execution fitted the crime, but to torture him like that is no better than the bestial act that he committed. Justice has to be greater than that.’

Sweyn concurred with Adela.

‘I agree. If a man has killed or raped, then he deserves
to die. But his death should be just that – he forfeits his life, it is enough.’

Edwin looked at his young friends admiringly.

‘Those are wise words. How did you come to such a judgement?’

Sweyn looked at Edwin and me purposefully.

‘We remember what Hereward often said: “Let others make mayhem, we will make the peace.”’

I sensed that Adela and Sweyn had come to a new and profound view of the world and its traumas.

‘You two have become wise beyond your years.’

I was proud of them and honoured, like them, to be part of Hereward’s heritage. His principles were always unequivocal and yet he knew that it wasn’t always possible to make principled judgements in the real world; sometimes decisions had to be pragmatic and swayed by circumstances. Watching Robert mete out the punishment of the Normans was a case in point. Knowing him as I did, I felt sure he would have acknowledged that his justice was horrific. But did it match the bestial crime that had been committed?

When I pushed Adela on the point, she admitted that it was perhaps easier for her, as a bystander, to answer that question, rather than if she were the Duke of Normandy.

Sweyn also conceded that actions were often easier to judge when one did not have the responsibility of making them. He then paused, looking a little sheepish.

‘Sire, when you rusticated us from Normandy, we did return to Aquitaine, but only briefly. We didn’t want to fester in the Lot for three months; our short lives are too precious to waste a quarter of a year in limbo.’

‘It is strange, but I sensed that there was more to your time away from Normandy than you admitted to.’

Adela continued the admission.

‘We travelled much further south, to Spain and the Taifa of Zaragoza, to meet an old friend of Hereward: the Cid, Rodrigo Diaz of Bivar, Armiger to Ahmad ibn Sulayman al-Muqtadir, the Lord of Zaragoza. Hereward often talked about Rodrigo’s prowess as a soldier, and he described the beauty of his wife, Doña Jimena –’