Curveball (39 page)

61
.
Louisiana Weekly
, March 5, 1949.

62
.
Louisiana Weekly
, February 19, 1949, February 26, 1949, March 5, 1949, March 12, 1949;
Time
, February 21, 1949, March 14, 1949; Arthur Hardy,
Mardi Gras in New Orleans
(Metairie, LA: Alan Hardy Enterprises, 2001).

63
. Ted Lewis, “Negro Leagues Had Local Flavor,” New Orleans
Times-Picayune
, July 4, 1994.

64
. John Holway,
Black Diamonds: Life in the Negro Leagues from the Men Who Loved It
(Westport, CT: Meckler Publishing, 1989), 139–140; Raymond Mohl, “Clowning Around: The Miami Ethiopian Clowns and Cultural Conflict in Black Baseball,”
Tequesta: The Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida
no. LXII, 2002, 40–68.

65
. Hayes.

66
.
Louisiana Weekly
, July 23, 1949.

67
.
Chicago Defender
, July 9, 1949.

68
. “Lady Ball Player,”
Ebony
, July 1953, 48–53.

69
. Toni Stone interview with Jean Hastings Ardell, April 1992. Ardell’s interview notes shared with author June 22, 2009.

70
.
The Black List: Volume One
(HBO documentary, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, Elvis Mitchell, Michael Slap Sloane, producers), 2008; Thom Loverro,
The Encyclopedia of Negro League Baseball
(New York: Checkmark Books, 2003), 83.

71
.
Louisiana Weekly
, July 23, 1949.

72
. Ibid., May 20, 1950.

73
. Greenville (Mississippi)
Democrat-Times
, April 6, 1950.

74
. Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008.

75
. Ibid.

76
.
Chicago Defender
, May 27, 1950.

77
. “Monte Irvin ‘Hard Luck Giant,’”
Louisiana Weekly
, September 6, 1952.

78
. “Lady Ball Player,”
Ebony
, July 1953, 52.

79
. [Council Bluffs, Iowa]
Daily Nonpareil
, July 10, 1950; Benton Harbor
News-Palladium
, August 25, 1950.

80
. Toni Stone interview with Jean Hastings Ardell, April 1992. Ardell’s interview notes shared with author June 22, 2009.

81
. [Council Bluffs, Iowa]
Daily Nonpareil
, July 12, 1950.

82
. Kelley Brent,
The Negro Leagues Revisited: Conversations with 66 More Baseball Heroes
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2000), 161.

83
. Miki Turner, “And Still She Rose,”
Oakland Tribune
, August 28, 1992. Stone indicated that she believed the incident with the older woman who praised her took place in 1952, but newspaper records from the
Delta Democrat-Times
of April 9, 1950, suggest it was more likely to have taken place in 1950.

84
. Toni Stone interview with Miki Turner, August 1992. Turner shared interview notes with author July 10, 2009.

85
. [Council Bluffs, Iowa]
Daily Nonpareil
, July 23, 1950.

86
. Mark J. Moore, “Negro League’s First Female Player Recalls Life, Career in Pro Baseball,” n.p., n.d. Lester personal archive.

87
. “Lady Ball Player,”
Ebony
, July 1953, 53.

88
. Erin Egan, “Toni Stone Was One of the Only Women Ever to Play Pro Baseball with Men,”
Sports Illustrated for Kids,
April 1994, 26.

89
. Toni Stone interview with Jean Hastings Ardell, April 1992. Ardell’s interview notes shared with author June 22, 2009.

1
. James Baldwin, “The Devil Finds Work,”
The Price of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction, 1948–1985
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), 576.

2
. Mike Weaver, “Female Player Was a Minority of One,”
San Jose Mercury News
, August 11, 1991.

3
. Toni Stone interview with Bill Kruissink, March 27, 1996. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.

4
. Jim Brown interview with the author, August 16, 2008.

5
.
Chicago Defender
, May 27, 1950.

6
. Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008.

7
. Nan Alamilla Boyd, “Oral History of Reba Hudson,”
Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).

8
. Vern L. Bullough, ed.,
Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 377.

9
. Toni Stone interview with Bill Kruissink, March 27, 1996. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.

10
. Unpublished letter from Aurelious Alberga to Toni Stone, April 13, 1953. Bartow-Reed private archive.

11
. Doug Grow, “Baseball Pioneer Never Listened to Naysayers,” Minneapolis–Saint Paul
StarTribune
, January 31, 1997.

12
. Toni Stone interview with Kyle McNary, September 1993. McNary private archive.

13
.
Louisiana Weekly
, January 20, 1951.

14
. Douglas Flamming,
Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 206.

15
. Aurelious P. Alberga, Oral History Project: Afro-Americans in San Francisco Prior to World War II, Cosponsored by the San Francisco Public Library and the San Francisco African-American Historical and Cultural Society. Interviewer Albert S. Broussard, December 7, 1976, 14.

16
. Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008.

17
. Jim Hall, “Time Out,”
Louisiana Weekly
, May 26, 1951.

18
. Jean Hastings Ardell,
Breaking into Baseball: Women and the National Pastime
(Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005), 113.

19
. George Rugg e-mail to author, November 13, 2009, citing November 14, 1951, AAGPBL Board of Directors minutes. Harold Daily Notebooks vol. 9, f 108v. Department of Special Collections. Hesburgh Libraries of Notre Dame.

20
. Mame Redman interview with the author, September 27, 2009.

21
. Leslie Heaphy and Mel Anthony May,
Encyclopedia of Women in Baseball
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006), 28, 31; Kevin Czerwinski, “Media Tarnishes Engle’s Historic Moment,”
www.mlb.com
.

22
. “A Stop in Kansas City,”
Kansas City Star
, April 15, 1997. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.

23
.
Louisiana Weekly
, May 19, 1951.

24
. Letter from Tom Baird to Lee MacPhail, January 17, 1949, Negro Leagues Ashland Collection, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.

25
.
Louisiana Weekly
, July 1, 1950.

26
. Leslie Heaphy e-mail to author, November 12, 2009.

27
. Austin Wilson, “Black Pioneer Hangs to Threads of Hope,”
Vicksburg
(Mississippi)
Sunday Post
, August 7, 1977.

28
. Jim Banks,
The Pittsburgh Crawfords
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2001), 84.

29
. Larry Moffi,
The Conscience of the Game: Baseball’s Commissioners from Landis to Selig
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press/Bison Books, 2006), 127–128.

30
. Alan J. Pollock with James A. Riley, editor,
Barnstorming to Heaven: Syd Pollock and His Great Black Teams
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006), 225.

31
. Hank Aaron with Lonnie Wheeler,
I Had a Hammer: The Hank Aaron Story
(New York: Harper Torch, 1991), 12.

32
. Pollock, 228.

33
. Charlie Vascellaro,
Hank Aaron: A Biography
(Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2005), 10.

34
. Pollock, 228.

35
. Aaron, 47.

36
. Ibid., 46.

37
. Ibid., 39.

38
.
Louisiana Weekly
, February 23, 1952.

39
. Pollock, 233.

40
. Hall, Jim, “Time Out,”
Louisiana Weekly
, May 26, 1951.

41
. Pollock, 240.

42
. Sam Lacy, “First Women in Pro Baseball,”
Afro Magazine
, 1953. n.p.

43
. Melvin Carter Sr. interview with the author, May 20, 2008.

44
. John Cotton interview with the author, August 10, 2008.

45
. Mike Hudson, “She Was a Relentless Spirit,”
Roanoke
(Virginia)
Times and World-News
, May 4, 1997.

1
. Maya Angelou, “They Went Home,” in
Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ’fore I Diiie
(New York, Random House, 1971), 4.

2
. Alan Pollock with James A. Riley, ed.,
Barnstorming to Heaven: Syd Pollock and His Great Black Teams
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006), 46.

3
.
Los Angeles Weekly
, February 28, 1953.

4
. Toni Stone interview with Bill Kruissink, March 27, 1996. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., Cooperstown, NY.

5
. Maria Bartlow-Reed interview with the author, March 10, 2008.

6
. Toni Stone interview with Bill Kruissink.

7
. Pollock, 138.

8
. Ibid., 153–154.

9
. D. L. Stanley, “Women in Negro Baseball League,”
Atlanta Inquirer
, April 28, 2001.

10
. Pollock, 222.

11
.
Pittsburgh Courier
, April 25, 1953.

12
. “Lady Ball Player,”
Ebony
, July 1953, 51.

13
.
Chicago Defender
, February 21, 1953.

14
. Mark Ribowsky,
Josh Gibson: The Power and the Darkness
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 283.

15
. Toni Stone interview with Bill Kruissink; Baltimore
Afro-American
, July 17, 1954.

16
. “The Gal on Second Base,”
Our World,
Vol. 8, No. 7, July 1953.

17
. “Lady Ball Player,” 50.

18
. Ibid., 48.

19
. Ibid., 51.

20
. Letter from Aurelious Alberga to Toni Stone, April 13, 1953. Bartlow-Reed private archive.

21
. Pollock, 53.

22
. Pollock, 244;
Chicago Defender
, April 18, 1953.

23
.
Kansas City Call
, May 29, 1953; Greenville (Mississippi)
Delta Democrat Times
, May 4, 1953.

24
. Norfolk (Virginia)
Journal and Guide
, May 18, 1953.