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113
Jane Orient on
Nightline
:
“Vaccines and Their Risks,”
Nightline
, October 14, 1999.
Jane Orient on
Nightline
:
“Vaccines and Their Risks,”
Nightline
, October 14, 1999.
114
James Gillray’s cartoon:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 124-125.
James Gillray’s cartoon:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 124-125.
114
“Ox-faced boy or children”:
Brunton,
Politics of Vaccination
, 61.
“Ox-faced boy or children”:
Brunton,
Politics of Vaccination
, 61.
114
“Horn-like excrescences”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 125.
“Horn-like excrescences”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 125.
114
Madhouses:
Ibid.
Madhouses:
Ibid.
114
“Low and browse”:
Ibid.
“Low and browse”:
Ibid.
115
George Gibbs regarding smallpox vaccine:
Ibid., 3.
George Gibbs regarding smallpox vaccine:
Ibid., 3.
115
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes children to change race:
Ibid., 135.
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes children to change race:
Ibid., 135.
115
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes diphtheria:
Ibid., 183.
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes diphtheria:
Ibid., 183.
115
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes polio
: H. Emerson,
A Monograph on the Epidemic of Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)
(New York: Arno Press, 1977).
Claim that smallpox vaccine causes polio
: H. Emerson,
A Monograph on the Epidemic of Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis)
(New York: Arno Press, 1977).
116
“Right to be pure and unpolluted”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 71.
“Right to be pure and unpolluted”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 71.
116
Avoiding smallpox:
Ibid., 121.
Avoiding smallpox:
Ibid., 121.
116
McCarthy at “Green Our Vaccines” rally:
Jenny McCarthy, “Green Our Vaccines” Rally, June 4, 2008,
http://www.generationrescue.org/news-press/green-our-vaccines/jenny-mccarthy-transcript
.
McCarthy at “Green Our Vaccines” rally:
Jenny McCarthy, “Green Our Vaccines” Rally, June 4, 2008,
http://www.generationrescue.org/news-press/green-our-vaccines/jenny-mccarthy-transcript
.
117
Frightened by germs:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 160.
Frightened by germs:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 160.
118
“This infection scare is a sham”:
Ibid.
“This infection scare is a sham”:
Ibid.
118
“The real enemy of the human race: dirt”:
Ibid., 164.
“The real enemy of the human race: dirt”:
Ibid., 164.
118
Early history of chiropractic:
J. B. Campbell, J. W. Busse, and H. S. Injeyan, “Chiropractors and Vaccination: A Historical Perspective,”
Pediatrics
,
www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/e43
. All quotes from Daniel and B. J. Palmer were obtained from this source.
Early history of chiropractic:
J. B. Campbell, J. W. Busse, and H. S. Injeyan, “Chiropractors and Vaccination: A Historical Perspective,”
Pediatrics
,
www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/e43
. All quotes from Daniel and B. J. Palmer were obtained from this source.
118
Nature
paper:
K. Wang, H. Zhang, M. Deqiong, et al., “Common Genetic Variants on 5p14.1 Associate with Autism Spectrum Disorders,”
Nature
459 (2009): 528-533.
Nature
paper:
K. Wang, H. Zhang, M. Deqiong, et al., “Common Genetic Variants on 5p14.1 Associate with Autism Spectrum Disorders,”
Nature
459 (2009): 528-533.
120
Walter Hadwin regarding Elie Metchnikoff:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 168.
Walter Hadwin regarding Elie Metchnikoff:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 168.
121
“Pharaoh’s daughter”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 62.
“Pharaoh’s daughter”:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 62.
121
“Herodian decree”:
Ibid.
“Herodian decree”:
Ibid.
121
Vaccines and anti-Christ:
Ibid., 118.
Vaccines and anti-Christ:
Ibid., 118.
122
Jenner or Christ?
:
Ibid.
Jenner or Christ?
:
Ibid.
122
Mary Hume-Rothery:
Ibid.
Mary Hume-Rothery:
Ibid.
122
Debi Vinnedge:
Offit,
Vaccinated
, 90.
Debi Vinnedge:
Offit,
Vaccinated
, 90.
122
Vinnedge and the Pontifical Academy for Life:
Ibid., 91.
Vinnedge and the Pontifical Academy for Life:
Ibid., 91.
122
Mass-marketing of anti-vaccine message in Victorian England:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 47-48.
Mass-marketing of anti-vaccine message in Victorian England:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 47-48.
123
Ernest Hart regarding anti-vaccine rhetoric:
Ibid., 50.
Ernest Hart regarding anti-vaccine rhetoric:
Ibid., 50.
123
Rahul Parikh and modern-day messaging:
R. K. Parikh, “Fighting for the Reputation of Vaccines: Lessons from American Politics,”
Pediatrics
121 (2008): 621-622.
Rahul Parikh and modern-day messaging:
R. K. Parikh, “Fighting for the Reputation of Vaccines: Lessons from American Politics,”
Pediatrics
121 (2008): 621-622.
124
Working-class resistance to vaccination:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 92.
Working-class resistance to vaccination:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 92.
124
Socioeconomic background of parents who refuse vaccines:
P. J. Smith, S. Y. Chu, and L. E. Barker, “Children Who Have Received No Vaccines: Who Are They and Where Do They Live?”
Pediatrics
114 (2004): 187-195.
Socioeconomic background of parents who refuse vaccines:
P. J. Smith, S. Y. Chu, and L. E. Barker, “Children Who Have Received No Vaccines: Who Are They and Where Do They Live?”
Pediatrics
114 (2004): 187-195.
124
Fisher and Kerensky:
National Vaccine Information Center, “President Bush Extends Filing Deadline on Compensation for Parents Under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Fund,”
Southwest Newswire
, November 8, 1990.
Fisher and Kerensky:
National Vaccine Information Center, “President Bush Extends Filing Deadline on Compensation for Parents Under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Fund,”
Southwest Newswire
, November 8, 1990.
124
Links to personal-injury lawyers:
www.nvic.org
, April 2010.
Links to personal-injury lawyers:
www.nvic.org
, April 2010.
125
Conscientious-objection law:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 171.
Conscientious-objection law:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 171.
125
Vaccination rates in England, late 1890s:
Ibid., 10.
Vaccination rates in England, late 1890s:
Ibid., 10.
127
Vaccination rates in England versus Ireland and Scotland:
Brunton,
Politics of Vaccination
, 122-162.
8. Tragedy of the CommonsVaccination rates in England versus Ireland and Scotland:
Brunton,
Politics of Vaccination
, 122-162.
127
“The most important Supreme Court case”:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 116.
“The most important Supreme Court case”:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 116.
127
Cited in other Supreme Court decisions:
Ibid., 125.
Cited in other Supreme Court decisions:
Ibid., 125.
127
Smallpox outbreak in Boston:
L. O. Gostin, “
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
at 100 Years: Police Power and Civil Liberties in Tension,”
American Journal of Public Health
95 (2005): 576-581.
Smallpox outbreak in Boston:
L. O. Gostin, “
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
at 100 Years: Police Power and Civil Liberties in Tension,”
American Journal of Public Health
95 (2005): 576-581.
127
Cambridge ordinance:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 118.
Cambridge ordinance:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 118.
128
Vaccination vs. salvation:
“Editorial Points,”
Boston Daily Globe
, November 19, 1901.
Vaccination vs. salvation:
“Editorial Points,”
Boston Daily Globe
, November 19, 1901.
128
Smallpox epidemic in Massachusetts:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
Smallpox epidemic in Massachusetts:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
128
Edwin Spencer:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 38.
Edwin Spencer:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 38.
128
Life of Henning Jacobson:
Ibid., 38-39; W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
Life of Henning Jacobson:
Ibid., 38-39; W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
128
Jacobson’s case in local courts:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 40.
Jacobson’s case in local courts:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 40.
128
Henry Ballard and James Pickering:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
Henry Ballard and James Pickering:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
129
“Sacred Cow”:
Ibid., 654.
“Sacred Cow”:
Ibid., 654.
129
George Williams:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 41.
George Williams:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 41.
129
Williams’s brief regarding civil liberty:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 121.
Williams’s brief regarding civil liberty:
Gostin,
Public Health Law
, 121.
129
Williams’s brief regarding filth and disease:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
Williams’s brief regarding filth and disease:
W. E. Parmet, R. A. Goodman, and A. Farber, “Individual Rights vs. the Public Health—100 Years After
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2005): 652-654.
130
Harlan ruling:
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).
Harlan ruling:
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
, 197 U.S. 11 (1905).
130
Harlan regarding social compact:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 42.
Harlan regarding social compact:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 42.
130
Zucht ruling:
Zucht v. King
, 260 U.S. 174 (1922).
Zucht ruling:
Zucht v. King
, 260 U.S. 174 (1922).
130
Mary Mallon:
The story of Mary Mallon, including all details and quotes, can be found in Leavitt,
Typhoid Mary
.
Mary Mallon:
The story of Mary Mallon, including all details and quotes, can be found in Leavitt,
Typhoid Mary
.
133
Editorial on
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
:
New York Times
, February 22, 1905.
Editorial on
Jacobson v. Massachusetts
:
New York Times
, February 22, 1905.
133
McCauley incident:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 22.
McCauley incident:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 22.
134
New York Times
on McCauley incident:
“Quarantined Family Escapes,”
New York Times
, March 23, 1894.
New York Times
on McCauley incident:
“Quarantined Family Escapes,”
New York Times
, March 23, 1894.
134
Brooklyn Compulsory Anti-Vaccination League:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 26.
Brooklyn Compulsory Anti-Vaccination League:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 26.
134
Massachusetts Compulsory Anti-Vaccination Association:
Ibid., 41.
Massachusetts Compulsory Anti-Vaccination Association:
Ibid., 41.
134
Anti-Vaccination League of America:
Ibid., 52.
Anti-Vaccination League of America:
Ibid., 52.
134
John Pitcairn regarding tyranny:
Ibid., 52.
John Pitcairn regarding tyranny:
Ibid., 52.
134
Anti-Vaccination League of America pamphlets:
Ibid., 54.
Anti-Vaccination League of America pamphlets:
Ibid., 54.
134
Citizens’ Medical Reference Bureau:
Ibid., 54-55.
Citizens’ Medical Reference Bureau:
Ibid., 54-55.
134
Lora Little and the American Medical Liberty League:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 99; Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 56.
Lora Little and the American Medical Liberty League:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 99; Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 56.
135
Lora Little and “foul business”:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 60-61.
Lora Little and “foul business”:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 60-61.
135
Raggedy Ann doll:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 99.
Raggedy Ann doll:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 99.
136
Decline of anti-vaccine groups:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 74.
Decline of anti-vaccine groups:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 74.
136
CDC launches measles vaccine initiative:
Ibid., 149.
CDC launches measles vaccine initiative:
Ibid., 149.
136
Measles:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
Measles:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
136
U.S. measles cases in early 1970s:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 166-167.
U.S. measles cases in early 1970s:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 166-167.
136
Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation:
Ibid., 175-176.
Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation:
Ibid., 175-176.
137
Measles and encephalitis:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Measles—United States, January-July 2008,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
57 (2008): 893-896.
Measles and encephalitis:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Measles—United States, January-July 2008,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
57 (2008): 893-896.
137
Betty Bumpers and the Childhood Immunization Initiative:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 199-200.
Betty Bumpers and the Childhood Immunization Initiative:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 199-200.
138
Increased number of states requiring vaccines:
Ibid., 177.
Increased number of states requiring vaccines:
Ibid., 177.
138
Measles outbreak in Alaska:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
Measles outbreak in Alaska:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
138
Measles outbreak in Los Angeles County:
Ibid.
Measles outbreak in Los Angeles County:
Ibid.
138
Texarkana:
P. J. Landrigan, “Epidemic Measles in a Divided City,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
221 (1972): 567-570.
Texarkana:
P. J. Landrigan, “Epidemic Measles in a Divided City,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
221 (1972): 567-570.
138
School entry requirements in fifty states:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 177.
School entry requirements in fifty states:
Colgrove,
State of Immunity
, 177.
138
Incidence of measles in United States, 1998:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
Incidence of measles in United States, 1998:
W. A. Orenstein and A. R. Hinman, “The Immunization System in the United States—The Role of School Immunization Laws,”
Vaccine
17 (1999): S19-S24.
139
Orenstein regarding Los Angeles mandates:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
Orenstein regarding Los Angeles mandates:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
139
Prince case:
Prince v. Massachusetts
, 321 U.S. 158 (1944). Italics added for emphasis.
Prince case:
Prince v. Massachusetts
, 321 U.S. 158 (1944). Italics added for emphasis.
140
Wright case:
Wright v. DeWitt High School
, 385 S.W. 2d 644 (Ark. 1965).
Wright case:
Wright v. DeWitt High School
, 385 S.W. 2d 644 (Ark. 1965).
140
McCartney case:
McCartney v. Austin
, 293 N.Y.S. 2d 188 (1968).
McCartney case:
McCartney v. Austin
, 293 N.Y.S. 2d 188 (1968).
140
Avard case:
Avard v. Manchester Board of School Committee et al.
, 376 F. Supp. 479 (1974).
Avard case:
Avard v. Manchester Board of School Committee et al.
, 376 F. Supp. 479 (1974).
140
Brown case:
Brown v. Stone
, 378 So. 2d 218 (1979).
Brown case:
Brown v. Stone
, 378 So. 2d 218 (1979).
140
Davis case:
Davis v. Maryland
, 294 Md. 370 (1982).
Davis case:
Davis v. Maryland
, 294 Md. 370 (1982).
140
New York State bill regarding mandatory polio vaccine:
S. H. Schanberg, “Assembly Votes Polio-Shots Bill: Vaccination Would Be Made Compulsory for Pupils,”
New York Times
, June 21, 1966.
New York State bill regarding mandatory polio vaccine:
S. H. Schanberg, “Assembly Votes Polio-Shots Bill: Vaccination Would Be Made Compulsory for Pupils,”
New York Times
, June 21, 1966.
141
Mary Baker Eddy regarding smallpox:
Eddy,
Science and Health
, 153.
Mary Baker Eddy regarding smallpox:
Eddy,
Science and Health
, 153.
141
Diphtheria in Christian Scientist child:
Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 303.
Diphtheria in Christian Scientist child:
Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 303.
141
Measles outbreak at Principia College:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Outbreak of Measles Among Christian Science Students—Missouri and Illinois, 1994,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
, July 1, 1994.
Measles outbreak at Principia College:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Outbreak of Measles Among Christian Science Students—Missouri and Illinois, 1994,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
, July 1, 1994.
141
Orenstein regarding measles outbreak among Christian Scientists:
R. Goodrich, “Test Results Awaited in Causes of Deaths in Measles Outbreak,”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, March 4, 1985; Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 302.
Orenstein regarding measles outbreak among Christian Scientists:
R. Goodrich, “Test Results Awaited in Causes of Deaths in Measles Outbreak,”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, March 4, 1985; Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 302.
141
Polio in Connecticut:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Follow-Up on Poliomyelitis,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
21 (1972): 365-366; F. M. Foote, G. Kraus, M. D. Andrews, and J. C. Hart, “Polio Outbreak in a Private School,”
Connecticut Medicine
, December 1973.
Polio in Connecticut:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Follow-Up on Poliomyelitis,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
21 (1972): 365-366; F. M. Foote, G. Kraus, M. D. Andrews, and J. C. Hart, “Polio Outbreak in a Private School,”
Connecticut Medicine
, December 1973.
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