Delphi (71 page)

Nero: as competitor in Pythian games,
209
,
211
; and consultation of the Pythia,
210
–
11
; dedications removed from Delphi by,
210
–
11
; honored by Amphictyony,
209
–
10

Nerva,
214

Nicates, son of Alcinus,
195

Nicias,
25

Nicopolis,
203
,
205
,
207

Nicostratus: dedication honoring,
350n12

Nigrinus,
215
–
16

Nike of Gelon,
151

Nikephoria games,
188

Octavian,
201
–
2

Odysseus: association with Delphi site,
158
–
59

Odyssey
(Homer),
49

offerings: altars for burning sacrificial,
94
; pelanos (cakes) as,
16
; smaller or sacrificial,
26,
47
,
67
–
68
; trade and,
53
; treasuries and storage of,
66
.
See also
dedications

oikos (room of consultation),
18

Olympia,
67
,
69
,
108
,
112
,
140
,
165
; archaeological excavation of,
261
; dedications at,
82
–
83
,
332n31
; excavation of,
263
; games at,
166
; Roman interest in,
204
–
5
,
207
; Sicyonian focus on,
332n31

Olympias (Myrtale),
164
,
165

omens: and celebration of Pythaïs festival,
194
; Delphi consulted to interpret,
161
; divination and natural events,
24
–
25
,
309n1
; reported at Delphi,
137
,
148
,
165
; and Sulla's raiding of treasuries at Delphi,
197
–
98

omphalos,
36
; Athens column dedication,
166
; as the “center of the world,”
18
,
36
,
166
,
299
; Hellenistic/Roman version of,
37
; in museum,
299
; as optical device,
315n19
; and tripod, location of,
16
,
18

On the Embassy
(Aeschines),
71

Oppé, A. P.,
22

oracles: authority and competition among,
39
–
40
; as continuing institution during Christian era,
236
,
242
–
43
; at Delphi (
see
Pythia
); discover of “lost,”
145
; at Dodona,
24
,
310n2
; “fortune telling,”
30
; interpretation of natural phenomena,
24
,
309n1
; lot oracle,
13
,
24
–
25
,
141
,
310n10
,
311n16
,
320n11
,
323n56
; manipulation of,
142
; manteis (oracle-tellers or seers),
25
; Plutarch on “obsolescence of,”
218
; political leaders as,
168
; religious contexts for,
24
–
26
,
54
–
55
; as “sense-making mechanism,”
30

Orestiea
(Aeschylus),
33
–
34

Oribasius,
243

Origen of Alexandria,
236

Orneates of the Argolid,
167

Orrhippus of Megara,
336n15

Orsilaus,
148
–
49

Osborne, Robin,
46
,
59
–
60
,
117

Otto, King of Greece,
257
,
262

Ottoman Empire,
250
–
51
,
263
–
64
; Greece independence from,
257

Ovid,
169

Pactyes,
97

Paean
(Pindar),
36
,
125

painting: competition at Delphi,
124
; crater decorated by Iliupersis painter,
125
; embellishment of dedications,
128

Palmer, Eva,
277

palm tree dedications,
16
,
121
,
128
,
137

Pan,
167

Parallel Lives
(Plutarch),
216

Parke, Herbert,
11
–
12
,
140
,
164
,
167
,
183

Parnassus, Mount,
31
,
34

Parnassus (hero),
35

Paros,
188

Parthenon,
251
–
52
,
255
–
56
; Elgin's removal of marbles from,
255

Pausanias (historian and geographer),
60
,
83
; and archeological expectations,
42
,
233
–
34
,
363n25
; English translation of works,
254
; on founding of Delphi,
35
–
36
; on inspiration of the Pythia,
21
; on rivalry among oracles,
39
–
40
; on Siphnians,
108

Pausanias (Spartan general): attempted “hijack” of Plataean dedication by,
121
,
126
,
334n6

Peisistratids,
98
–
101

Peisistratus,
25

pelanos (cakes) as offerings,
16

Peloponnesian War,
136
–
38

pochora,
46
–
47
,
49

Pergamon,
184
,
192

Periallus (Pythia involved in bribery),
112
,
310n5

Periander,
83
,
327n32

Pericles,
131

periodos circuit,
76
,
209
,
229
,
288
,
324n7
,
339n7

perirrhanterion,
82

“peristyle house,”
214

Perseus of Macedon,
189
; Delphi used for propaganda by,
189
–
90
,
351n24

Persia,
97
–
98
,
112
; Cyrus and,
139
; peace negotiations at Delphi,
147
; Philip II of Macedon and plans to attack,
163
; as threat to Greek city states,
114
.
See also
Persian Wars

Persians
(Aeschylus),
126

Persian Wars: consultations of Delphic oracle during,
112
–
17
; dedications commemorating,
117
–
18
,
121
–
22
,
295
; Delphi suspected of treason during,
114
–
17
,
119
; and reputation of Greek cities,
117
–
18
; Thebes as Persian ally,
160

Phaselis, inscription of,
141

Pheidias,
205

Phemonoe,
310n5

Phi figurines,
44

Philip II of Macedon,
154
–
55
; Athens and,
155
,
160
,
161
; consultation of the Delphic oracle by,
163
–
64
; death of,
163
–
64
; dedications honoring,
155
,
162
; Hellenic league based in Delphi,
163
; victory at Chaeroneia over Athens and Thebes,
161
–
62

Philippi, battle of,
201

Philip V of Macedon,
179
,
180
; annexation of Greek territories by,
184
; death of,
188
; invasion of Pergamon by,
186
; as Roman ally,
185

Philiscus of Abydus,
147

Philiscus (Roman governor of Thessaly),
238
–
39

Philodamus,
152

Philomelus,
149
,
164

philosopher, bust of,
217
,
300
,
362n14

philosophy at Delphi,
138
,
229
,
362n14

Phlegyians,
32
,
51

Phocis,
148
; accused of sacrilege by Thebans,
149
; control of Delphi by,
154
–
55
; dedications from,
111
,
167
,
169
,
171
; destruction of dedications to finance war,
151
,
154
; fine levied on,
154
,
156
,
159
; and incorporation of Delphi,
130
–
31
,
130
–
32
; manumission inscriptions at Delphi,
200
; proxeny granted to,
165
–
66
; restored to Amphictyony,
171

phratries,
144
,
331n29

Phrygians,
68

Phylacus,
104
,
170

Picard, Charles,
275
,
277

Pindar,
35
,
36
,
73
,
124
–
25

Pittakos, Kyriakos,
161
–
62

plagues,
85
,
136
,
212
,
221

Plataea: battle of,
117

Plataean serpent column,
121
–
22
,
151
; Constantine's removal of,
240
–
41
,
365n44
; destruction of elements,
151
; location,
16
; miniature of,
301
; Pausanias and attempted “hijack” of,
121
,
126
,
334n6
; remnants at Delphi,
295

Plataikos
(Isocrates),
72

Plato,
143
–
44

Pliny,
35
–
36

Plutarch: as agonothetes and member of Amphictyony,
216
; on ambiguity of oracle,
29
; bust of “philosopher type” identified with,
217
,
300
; on calendar of religious events at Delphi,
219
–
21
; Chaeroneia as home of,
215
–
16
,
359n30
; on consultation of the Pythia,
18
–
21
,
311n13
; on Delphi as cult site,
41
–
42
,
104
,
218
–
21
; on Dionysian festivals at Delphi,
152
,
220
–
21
; and fate of dedicators,
137
; honored with dedications,
216
;
Moralia,
216
–
20
; on mysterious “E,”
204
,
217
–
18
; on Nero,
209
; on obsolescence of oracles,
218
;
Parallel Lives,
216
; on pneuma and inspiration of Pythia,
20
–
21
,
23
,
357n18
; as priest of Apollo,
222
,
223
,
229
,
300
; and reputation of Delphi,
229
; on selection and number of Pythias,
12
; on verse response of Pythia,
218
,
312n26
; visits to sanctuary at Delphi,
215
–
16

poetry: dedications honoring poets,
197
,
362n15
; Pythia and verse responses to consultation,
19
,
27
–
28
,
200
,
218
,
312n26

Polemon of Ilion,
219

political roles of oracle: and adaptability,
59
; as antityrannical or prodemocratic voice,
83
,
328n39
; in arbitration,
58
,
133
,
135
–
36
,
138
,
140
,
168
,
174
; in colonization,
59
–
63
; and control of Delphi as political issue,
70
,
79
–
80
,
122
,
201
–
2
; declining,
168
,
336n19
; and favoritism or bias,
148
; interpretation as opportunity for political deliberation,
26
–
27
,
29
,
54
–
56
; legitimation of rulers,
141
; “management consultant,”
30
,
55
,
57
; in Plato's ideal state,
143
–
44
; and propaganda,
189
–
90
; and proxenia as political tool,
344n6
; rulers as oracles in their own right,
168
; and support of
cult sites by political communities,
47
; support of reform or innovation,
54
–
59
,
81
,
109
–
10

politics: Alcamaeonid/Peisistratid rivalry,
98
–
101
,
110
; Amphictyony as “general council of Greece,”
205
–
6
; Athenian,
98
–
101
,
109
–
10
,
111
–
12
,
113
–
14
; and civic community of Delphi,
134
; dedications as political statements,
146
–
47
,
190
; Delphi as neutral or independent,
65
,
70
,
72
,
73
–
74
,
130
,
135
–
36
,
148
,
268
; Delphi as politically valuable,
201
–
2
; democracy in Greece,
98
,
109
,
133
; instability after Peloponnesian War,
139
–
48
; international interaction,
76
–
77
,
97
–
98
; military events as context for reforms,
110
; oracle and (
see
political roles of oracle
); rivalry between Athens and Sparta,
111
,
134
–
35
; Solon and reshaping of Athenian social contract,
81
; Spartan constitution,
56
–
57
; tyranny,
54
,
57
–
59
,
63
–
64
,
83
,
328n39