Doctor Zhivago (87 page)

6.
Darwin met with Schelling:
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) formulated the principle of natural selection in the process of biological evolution in his
Origin of Species
(1859). The German idealist philosopher Friedrich Schelling (1775–1854), a friend and later a critic of Hegel, proposed the idea, in his
Philosophy of Nature
(
Naturphilosophie
, 1797), that the ideal springs from the real in a dynamic series of evolutionary processes. Zhivago’s thoughts thus unite naturalist and idealist notions of evolution.

7.
Razin and Pugachev:
Stepan (“Stenka”) Razin (1630–1671) was a Cossack who led a band of robbers in the late 1660s. He was joined by discontented peasants and non-Russian peoples like the Kalmyks and in 1670 went into open rebellion against the Russian state. After some successes, he was defeated and captured, and in 1671 he was executed in Moscow. For Pugachev, see part 7,
note 5
.

1.
Oprichniki:
An order of special troops organized by Ivan the Terrible (1530–1584), loyal to him alone, living on their own separate territory (the name comes from an old Russian word meaning “apart” or “separate”), and opposed to the traditional nobility (boyars). They were given unlimited power and used it ruthlessly. Their number increased from 1,000 in 1565 to 6,000 in 1572, when the tsar abolished the order.

2.
a heretic witch from the Old Believers:
The Old Believers, also known as Raskolniki (from the Russian word
raskol
, “schism”), separated themselves from the Russian Orthodox Church in protest against the reforms introduced by the patriarch Nikon in 1653. Women among the Old Believers sometimes took the role of “Mothers of God” or “Brides of Christ.”

3.
A little hare … my beautiful one:
According to the commentary of E. B. and E. V. Pasternak, this “folk song” is entirely the work of Pasternak himself.

4.
Kolchak … Ivan Tsarevich:
For Kolchak, see part 10,
note 1
. Ivan Tsarevich (“Ivan the Prince”) is a hero of Russian folktales, often the third of three sons, who struggles with Koshchei the Deathless, goes to catch the Firebird, and eventually marries the princess.

5.
Or else, for instance … the Novgorod or the Ipatyev …:
Kubarikha’s speech, as well as what she speaks about, is drawn from texts collected by Alexander Afanasiev (1826–1871) in his
Poetic Notions of Nature Among the Slavs
(1865–69). The Novgorod Chronicle, covering the years from 1016 to 1471, is the oldest record of the Novgorod Republic; the Ipatyev Chronicle contains material going back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is a major source for the early history of southern Russia.

6.
the book of the living word:
The verse comes from a hymn from the service for the Nativity of the Mother of God, but Kubarikha connects the Slavonic word
zhivotnogo
(“living”) with the Russian word
zhivotnoe
(“animal”) and applies it to the cow.

7.
He cut down … Flenushka:
Pasternak based the stories of the butchered man and of Pamphil Palykh on published accounts of partisan life during the war with Kolchak.

1.
O Light … presence?:
The first line of the fifth hymn of the canon in the eighth tone, sung at matins. Zhivago repeats it along with the second line a little further on.

2.
the Gajda uprising:
Radola Gajda (born Rudolf Geidl, 1892–1948) joined the Czech Legion in Russia in 1917. During their evacuation across Siberia in 1918, violence broke out between the Czechs and the Bolsheviks, and Gajda and his troops combined with Kolchak’s forces, but in July 1919, after a falling out with Kolchak, he was dismissed. He then involved himself in a mutiny of SRs, which came to be known by his name, and when it failed, he escaped from Siberia and made his way back to Czechoslovakia, where he later took up the cause of fascism.

3.
Romeo and Juliet:
The words are spoken by Romeo in his last speech (act 5, scene 3, line 82). Pasternak quotes from his own translation, made during the early years of World War II.

4.
a man in a case:
Lara is referring to the hero of Chekhov’s story “The Man in a Case” (1898), who for Russians typifies a man physically and mentally trapped in his own narrow views and inhibitions.

5.
Rosa Luxemburg:
The political writer and activist Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919) became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (see part 4,
note 1
), and in 1914, with Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919), founded the antiwar Spartakusbund (“Spartacus League,” from Liebknecht’s pen name, Spartacus), which on January 1, 1919, became the German Communist Party. She was shot along with Liebknecht and others after the crushing of the Spartacist uprising later that same month, and thus became one of the first martyrs of the Communist cause.

6.
Goethe’s … neo-Schellingism:
In his
Naturphilosophie
, Goethe, like Schelling (see part 11,
note 6
), sought to establish a universal order of metaphysical as well as pragmatic validity.

7.
In the Red Sea … remained intact:
The quotations come from the Dogmatik (Hymn to the Mother of God) in the fifth tone, sung at vespers. The earlier references are to the Old Testament books of Exodus, Daniel (see part 8,
note 8
), and Jonah.

8.
to make Adam God:
The quotation comes from verses sung in the second tone at the vespers of the Annunciation. The essential notion that “God became man so that man could become God” is attributed to several early church fathers, among them St. Irenaeus of Lyons (second century) and St. Athanasius of Alexandria (293–373).

9.
Christ and Mary Magdalene … God and a woman:
This entire passage is based on the traditional identification of Mary Magdalene with the woman taken in adultery in John 8:3–11, and with the unnamed woman who anoints Christ’s feet from an alabaster flask and wipes them with her hair in Matthew 26:6–13, Mark 14:3–9, and Luke 7:36–50. In John’s version of this incident (12:1–8), the woman is Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus, who is neither a prostitute nor the Magdalene. Sima mentions this confusion herself. St. Mary of Egypt was indeed a repentant prostitute, but she lived in the fourth century. Sima goes on to quote hymns from the matins of Holy Wednesday, the middle of Holy Week, in which the woman with the alabaster vessel confesses to having been a harlot. The longest of these hymns, from which Sima quotes most fully, known as “The Hymn of Cassia,” is attributed to the Byzantine abbess and hymnographer Cassia (ca. 805–867). Zhivago’s two poems about Mary Magdalene follow the same tradition.

10.
Several well-known social figures … deported from Russia:
Tonya’s letter mixes real people with the fictional Gromeko family: S. P. Melgunov (1879–1956) was a historian, a Constitutional Democrat, and an outspoken opponent of the Bolsheviks; A. A. Kiesewetter was also a historian and a leader of the CD Party; and E. D. Kuskova was a journalist and member of the Committee to Aid the Hungry. Deportation became Lenin’s preferred way of dealing with prominent ideological opponents. In the fall of 1922 he loaded some 160 intellectuals, including the philosophers Nikolai Berdyaev, Semyon Frank, Sergei Bulgakov, Ivan Ilyin, and Fyodor Stepun, on the so-called “Philosophy Steamer” and shipped them to Europe.

1.
In Primorye … the remaining time:
Primorye, more fully the Primorsky Krai, or “Maritime Territory,” is the extreme southeast region of Russia, bordering on China, North Korea, and the Sea of Japan, with its capital at Vladivostok. The remnants of Kappel’s forces (see part 11,
note 1
), with other White groups, set up a government there, known as the Provisional Primorye Government, which lasted from late May 1921 to October 1922, when the Red Army took Vladivostok and effectively ended the civil war.

2.
Egory the Brave:
The name for St. George in Russian oral epic tradition. The image of St. George slaying the dragon figures on both the Moscow and the Russian coats of arms, and in Zhivago’s poem, “A Tale.”

3.
Tolstoy … generals:
Zhivago is thinking of Tolstoy’s commentaries on the moving forces of history in
War and Peace
, particularly in the second epilogue to the novel.

4.
Tverskaya-Yamskaya Streets:
Four parallel streets north of the center of Moscow.

5.
Herzen:
Alexander Herzen (1812–1870), the illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner, was a pro-Western writer and publicist, often called “the father of Russian socialism.” In 1847, having inherited his father’s fortune, he left Russia and never returned. Abroad he edited the radical Russian-language newspaper
Kolokol
(“The Bell”) and wrote a number of books, the most important of which is the autobiographical
My Past and Thoughts
(1868).

6.
a clanging cymbal:
A phrase from Paul’s first epistle to the Corinthians (13:1): “If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.”

1.
the NEP:
That is, the New Economic Policy, established by a decree of March 21, 1921, which allowed for some private enterprise on a small scale, following the ravages of War Communism, which had tried to remove the market economy entirely. Peasants were also allowed to sell their surplus, which previously had been requisitioned without compensation (see part 11,
note 2
). The policy was abandoned by Stalin in 1928, in favor of the first Five-Year Plan and the forced collectivization of agriculture.

2.
the eve of St. Basil’s:
The feast of St. Basil of Caesarea (330–379), a major Orthodox theologian and author of a liturgy that is still in use, is celebrated on January 1/14, the day of his death.

3.
They changed landmarks:
The reference is to a movement of liberals in the White Russian emigration named for a collection of essays entitled
Smena Vekh
(“Change of Landmarks”), published in Prague in 1921, which proposed a resigned acceptance of the October revolution and the Soviet regime and called on émigrés to return to Russia.

4.
Tikhon:
Tikhon (Vassily Bellavin, 1865–1925), elected patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1917, was the first patriarch since the reforms of Peter the Great eliminated the position in 1721 and brought the Church under state control. The Bolsheviks did not welcome Tikhon, who protested against many of their acts, and he was imprisoned from 1922 to 1923. He was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1989.

5.
The custom … was widespread by then:
Cremation, which was not an Orthodox practice, was introduced after the revolution. But Zhivago’s acquaintances follow the old practice of laying out the body at home, in an open coffin on a table, surrounded by flowers.

6.
She … the gardener:
See John 20:1–18, the account of Mary Magdalene meeting the risen Christ.

7.
the last kiss:
From a hymn sung near the end of the Orthodox burial service, which speaks in the voice of the dead person: “Come, all you who loved me, and kiss me with the last kiss. For nevermore shall I walk or talk with you.”

8.
making … the song: Alleluia:
Words of a hymn from the funeral or memorial service: “For dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. Whither we mortals all shall go, making our funeral dirge the song: Alleluia.”

1.
the Kursk bulge … Orel:
This major battle, fought in July 1943, ended in a decisive Soviet victory and set the Russian army on the offensive for the duration of the war. The city of Orel was liberated on August 5 of that year.

2.
Ezhovshchina:
The period of the most intense purges of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, in 1937–1938, named for Nikolai Ezhov (1895–1940), head of the NKVD, including the internal security forces, which ran the prisons and labor camps.

3.
I never saw her again:
The story of Christina Orletsova is based on the life of an actual girl named Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, an account of which was preserved in Pasternak’s archive.

4.
Blok’s ‘We, the children …’:
See part 3,
note 5
. The poem, written on September 8, 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, begins: “Those born in obscure times / Do not remember their path. / We, the children of Russia’s terrible years / Are unable to forget anything.”

6.
A Final Talk
    The Manège is a large, rectangular, neoclassical building in the center of Moscow, near Red Square, built in the early nineteenth century, which originally served as a riding academy and later became a concert and exhibition space.

9.
Hops
The Russian word for hops,
khmel
, also means intoxication.

11.
A Wedding
A
chastushka
is a form of Russian folk poetry, usually quatrains in trochaic meter with alternating four and three stress lines, rhyming ABCB, often racy, political, or nonsensical, sung to the accompaniment of the accordion or balalaika.

14.
August
The Feast of the Transfiguration (see Matthew 17:1–8, Mark 9:2–8, Luke 9:28–36) is celebrated on August 6/19, when there are already signs of autumn in Russia. It is popularly referred to as the “Second Savior.”

20.
Miracle
See Matthew 21:18–22, Mark 11:12–23.

23.
and
24.
Magdalene
See part 13,
note 9
.