Drug War Capitalism (41 page)

CHAPTER 3: A LOOK SOUTH TO COLOMBIA

1 Consejo Municipal de Recetor, “Acuerdo No. 007,” August 24, 2011, http://cdim.esap.edu.co/BancoMedios/Documentos%20PDF/recetorcasanarepiu
20082011.pdf, 22.

2 Fabian Laverde Doncel, “Perfiles de algunos municipios de la zona,” in
Casanare: exhumando el genocidio
, ed. Javier Giraldo Moreno (Colombia: Editorial Códice, 2009), 68.

3 Scott,
Drugs, Oil and War
, 75.

4 Ibid., 74.

5 William O. Walker,
Drug Control in the Americas
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989), 221.

6 Noam Chomsky,
Rogue States
(Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000), 62.

7 Forrest Hylton, “Plan Colombia: The Measure of Success,”
Brown
Journal
of
World
Affairs
17, no. 1 (2010), http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/Hylton.pdf.

8 Peter Chalk,
The Latin American Drug Trade: Scope, Dimensions, Impact and Response
(RAND Corporation [Project Air Force], 2011), 89. http://www
.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/ RAND_MG1076.pdf.

9 US Government Accountability Office, “PLAN COLOMBIA: Drug Reduction Goals Were Not Fully Met, but Security Has Improved; US Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance,” October 2008, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0971.pdf, 17.

10 Dana Priest, “Covert Action in Colombia,”
The Washington Post
, December 13, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2013/12/21/covert-action-in-colombia/.

11 Oeindrilla Dube and Suresh Naidu,
Bases, Bullets and Ballots: The Effects of U.S. Military Aid on Political Conflict in Colombia
, December 2013, https://files.nyu.edu/od9//files/09/75/08/f097508/public/papers/Dube_bases_bullets.pdf, 2.

12 Alvaro Sierra, “Seis miliones de victimas y contando,”
Semana
. February 6, 2014, http://www.semana.com/nacion/multimedia/seis-millones-de-victimas
-contando/376351-3.

13 Hugh
O’Shaunessy, “Colombia: Chemical Spraying of Coca Poisoning Villages,”
The Observer
, June 17, 2001,
http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11081
.

14 Santos was elected for a second term in June 2014.

15 Juan Forero, “Congress Approves Doubling U.S. Troops in Colombia to 800,”
New York Times
. October 11, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/11/international/americas/11colombia.html.

16 United Nations Human Rights Council, “Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development,” February 16, 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.21.Add3.pdf, 17.

17
Verdad Abierta. “Estadísticas Parapolítica.” February 2013. http://www.verdadabierta.com/cifras/3826-estadisticas-parapolitica
.

18 Nick Reding,
Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town
, (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), 157.

19 Ibid.

20
Hristov,
Blood and Capital.

21 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, “Case of the ‘Mapiripán Massacre’ v. Colombia: Judgment of September 15, 2005,” http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_134_ing.pdf, 37.

22 Ibid., 38.

23 Javier
Giraldo,
Colombia: Genocidal Democracy
(Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1996), 17.

24
Castañeda Palacios, “Institutional Crisis, Parainstitutionality, and Regime Flexibility in Colombia,” in 
Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America
, 110.

25
Ibid.

26
Ibid.

27 Jaun Diego E. Restrepo, “Álvaro Uribe, entre las ‘Convivir’ y las AUC,”
Semana
, September 19, 2013, http://www.semana.com/opinion/articulo/
alvaro-uribe-entre-convivir-las-auc-opinion-juan-diego-restrepo/358144-3.

28
U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Drug Control: US Counternarcotics Efforts in Colombia Face Continuing Challenges,” February 1998,
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/ns98060.pdf, 6.

29
Ibid.,
28.

30
Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, “The Colombia Strategic Development Initiative (CSDI),” April 12, 2012,
http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2012/187926.html.

31
US Government Accountability Office, “PLAN COLOMBIA: Drug Reduction Goals Were Not Fully Met,” 17.

32
Ibid., 4.

33
Just the Facts, “Grant
Aid to
Colombia through
International Narcotics
Control
and Law
Enforcement,”
http://justf.org/Program_Detail?program=International
_Narcotics_Control_and_Law_Enforcement&country=Colombia
.
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, “2012 INCSR: Country Reports—Colombia,” March 7, 2012, http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt
/2012/vol1/184098.htm#Colombia.

34 David
Maher and Andrew Thomson, “The Terror That Underpins the ‘Peace’: The Political Economy of Colombia’s Paramilitary Demobilisation Process,”
Critical Studies on Terrorism
4, no. 1 (2011): 96.

35 Geoff Simons,
Colombia: A Brutal History
(London: Saqi Books, 2004), 322.

36 María Victoria
Uribe, “Dismembering and Expelling: Semantics of Political Terror in Colombia,”
Public Culture
16, no. 1 (2004), 91.

37 Ibid.,
80.

38 Ana Maria
Ibánez and Carlos Eduardo Vélez, “Civil Conflict and Forced Migration: The Micro Determinants and Welfare Losses of Displacement in Colombia,”
World Development
36, no. 4 (2008): 661.

39 Alvaro Sierra, “Seis millones de victimas y contando,”
Semana
, February 6, 2014, http://www.semana.com/nacion/multimedia/seis-millones-de-victimas
-contando/376351-3.

40 Camilo Olarte, “La Guerra y la desmemoria en Colombia,”
America Economía
, January 21, 2014, http://www.americaeconomia.com/analisis
-opinion/la-guerra-y-la-desmemoria-en-colombia

41
Maher and Thomson, “The Terror that Underpins the ‘Peace,’” 96.

42 United Nations Human Rights Council, “Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, 12.

43
National Security Archive, “The Chiquita Papers,” April 7, 2011,
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB340/index.html.

44 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, “Case of the ‘Mapiripán Massacre’ v. Colombia,” 45.

45 Ibid., 47.

46 Ibid., 44.

47 Comisión Intereclesial de Justicia y Paz, “Colombia: Banacol, empresa implicada en paramilitarismo y acaparamiento de tierras en Curvaradó y Jiguamiandó,” May 2012, http://www.askonline.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Thema_Wirtschaft_und_Menschenrechte/Lebensmittel_Landwirtschaft/Chiquita/Banacol-Estudio-de-Caso-ES-final.pdf, 4.

48
US Department of Justice, “Chiquita Brands International Pleads Guilty to Making Payments to a Designated Terrorist Organization and Agrees to Pay $25 Million Fine,” March 19, 2007,
http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/March/07_nsd_161.html.

49 Mario A. Murillo, “Fronting for Paramilitaries: Holder, Chiquita and Colombia,”
CounterPunch
, November 19, 2008, http://www.counterpunch.org/2008/11/19/holder-chiquita-and-colombia/.

50 Curt Anderson, “Chiquita Accused of Funding Colombia Terrorists,” Associated Press, May 31, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/chiquita-accused
-of-funding-colombia-terrorists/.

51 “United States of America v. Chiquita Brands International Inc.,” http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB217/indictment.pdf, 4.

52 William Moore, “Para-Business Gone Bananas: Chiquita Brands in Colombia,”
Council on Hemispheric Affairs
, August 18, 2011, http://www.coha.org/para-business-gone-bananas-chiquita-brands-in-colombia/.

53 James Bargent, “Chiquita Republic,”
In These Times
(January 7, 2013), http://inthesetimes.com/article/14294/chiquita_republic.

54 Ibid.

55 William Moore, “Para-Business Gone Bananas.”

56 Geoff Simons,
Colombia: A Brutal History
, 324.

57 Phillip MacLean, “Colombia,” in
Energy Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere
, ed. Sidney Weintraub (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2007), 196–197. Cerrejón, “Nuestra Empresa,” http://www.cerrejon.com/site/nuestra-empresa.aspx.

58 Observatorio Social de Empresas Transnacionales Megaproyectos and Derechos Humanos,
Pica y Pala: Conflictos del modelo extractivista en los sectores de la minería y los agrocombustibles
(Bogatá, Ediciones Desde Abajo, 2011), 143.

59 Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, “Colombia: Monitoreo de Cultivos de Coca 2012,” June 2013, http://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2013/Agosto/censo_de_cultivos_de_coca_2012_BR.pdf, 11.

60 Observatorio Social de Empresas Transnacionales Megaproyectos,
Pica y Pala
, 143.

61 Colombia Solidarity Campaign, “La Colosa: A Death Foretold Alternative Report about the AngloGold Ashanti Gold Mining Project in Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia,” December, 2013, retrieved February 16, 2014, https://www.colombiasolidarity.org.uk/attachments/article/612/LA%20COLOSA_A%20Death%20Foretold.pdf. Fedeagromisbol, “Communiqué to National and International Public Opinion: Continued Extermination of Members of Fedeagromisbol,” February 18, 2010, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2010/02/killings-of-smallscale-miners-in-colombia/

62 Observatorio Social de Empresas Transnacionales Megaproyectos,
Pica y Pala
, 143.

63 UNHCR, “2012 UNHCR Country Operations Profile – Colombia,” http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e492ad6.html.

64
CODHES, “Desplazamiento creciente y crisis humanitaria invisibilizada,” CODHES Boletín 79. March 2012, http://nasaacin.org/informativo-nasaacin
/contexto-colombiano/4038-desplazamiento-creciente-y-crisis-humanitaria
-invisibilizada
, 2.

65 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review: The Situation of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Colombia 2008–2013,” May 2013, http://www.forum-menschenrechte.de/cms/upload/PDF/ab_02_2012/120920_UPR_English_final_con_firmas.pdf, 6.

66
US Leap, “Background: Violence Against Trade Unionists in Colombia,”
http://www.usleap.org/usleap-campaigns/colombia-murder-and-impunity/more-information-colombia/background-violence-against-

67 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review,” 11.

68 Ibid., 6–7.

69 James Bargent, “Toxic Mix of Drug Lords, Corruption and Trade Fuels Disorder In Colombian Port City,”
Alternet
, March 5, 2014, http://www.alternet.org/world/toxic-mix-drug-lords-corruption-and-trade-fuels-disorder
-colombian-port-city.

70 Jesús González Bolaños and Nelson Franco Díaz, “Compilación y analisis sobre crisis humanitaria en el municipio de Buenaventura,”
Arquidiocesis de Cali
, April 3, 2013.

71 Simon Romero, “ Cocaine Wars Make Port Colombia’s Deadliest City,”
New York Times
, May 22, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/world/americas/22colombia.html.

72 Bolaños and Díaz, “Compilación y analisis sobre crisis humanitaria.”

73 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review,” 117.

74
ONIC, “Palabra Dulce, Aire de Vida,” 2010,
http://www.abcolombia.org.uk/downloads/C6D_Final_ONIC_report_-_Palabra_Dulce.pdf, 8, 11.

75
Venezuela has the highest homicide rate in South America. “Global Study on
Homicide, 2011,” 2011, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_
homicide_2011_web.pdf, 23.