Einstein (117 page)

87
. Spinoza,
Ethics,
part I, proposition 29 and passim; Jammer 1999, 47; Holton 2003, 26–34; Matthew Stewart,
The Courtier and the Heretic
(New York: Norton, 2006).

88
. Pais 1982, 47; Fölsing, 106; Hoffmann 1972, 39; Maja Einstein, xvii; Overbye, 15–17.

89
. Marriage Certificate, CPAE 5: 6; Miller 2001, 64; Zackheim, 47.

90
. Einstein to Michele Besso, Jan. 22, 1903; Mileva Mari
to Helene Savi
, Mar. 1903; Solovine, 13; Seelig 1956a, 46; Einstein to Carl Seelig, May 5, 1952; AEA 39-20.

91
. Mileva Mari
to Einstein, Aug. 27, 1903; Zackheim, 50.

92
. Einstein to Mileva Mari
, ca. Sept. 19, 1903; Zackheim; Popovi
; author’s discussions and e-mails with Robert Schulmann.

93
. Popovi
, 11; Zackheim, 276; author’s discussions and e-mails with Robert Schulmann.

94
. Michelmore, 42.

95
. Einstein to Mileva Mari
, ca. Sept. 19, 1903.

96
. Mileva Mari
to Helene Savi
, June 14, 1904; Popovi
, 86; Whitrow, 19.

97
. Overbye, 113, citing Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric,
Im Schatten Albert Einstein
(Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt, 1993), 94.

CHAPTER FIVE: THE MIRACLE YEAR

1
. This quote is attributed in a variety of books and sources to an address Lord Kelvin gave to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. I have not found direct evidence for it, which is why I qualify it as “reportedly” said. It is not in the two-volume biography by Silvanus P. Thompson,
The Life of Lord Kelvin
(New York: Chelsea Publishing, 1976), originally published in 1910.

2
. Pierre-Simon Laplace,
A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
(1820; reprinted, New York: Dover, 1951). This famous statement of determinism comes in the preface of a work devoted to probability theory. The fuller line is that in ultimate reality we have determinism, but in practice we have probabilities. The achievement of full knowledge is not reachable, he says, so we need probabilities.

3
. Einstein, Letter to the Royal Society on Newton’s bicentennial, Mar. 1927.

4
. Einstein 1949b, 19.

5
. For the influence of Faraday’s induction theories on Einstein, see Miller 1981, chapter 3.

6
. Einstein and Infeld, 244; Overbye, 40; Bernstein 1996a, 49.

7
. Einstein to Conrad Habicht, May 18 or 25, 1905.

8
. Sent on Mar. 17, 1905, and published in
Annalen der Physik
17 (1905). I want to thank Yale professor Douglas Stone for help with this section.

9
. Max Born, obituary for Max Planck, Royal Society of London, 1948.

10
. John Heilbron,
The Dilemmas of an Upright Man
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986). Lucid explanations of Einstein’s quantum paper, from which this section is drawn, include Gribbin and Gribbin; Bernstein 1996a, 2006; Overbye, 118–121; Stachel 1998; Rigden; A. Douglas Stone, “Genius and Genius
²
: Planck, Einstein and the Birth of Quantum Theory,” Aspen Center for Physics, unpublished lecture, July 20, 2005.

11
. Planck’s approach was probably a bit more complex and involved assuming a group of oscillators and positing a total energy that is an integer multiple of a quantum unit. Bernstein 2006, 157–161.

12
. Max Planck, speech to the Berlin Physical Society, Dec. 14, 1900. See Light-man 2005, 3.

13
. Einstein 1949b, 46. Miller 1984, 112; Miller 1999, 50; Rynasiewicz and Renn, 5.

14
. Einstein, “On the General Molecular Theory of Heat,” Mar. 27, 1904.

15
. Einstein to Conrad Habicht, Apr. 15, 1904. Jeremy Bernstein discussed the connections between the 1904 and 1905 papers in an e-mail, July 29, 2005.