Fields of Blood (79 page)

29.
Classic of Documents,
“The Canon of Yao and the Canon of Shun,” in De Bary and Bloom,
Sources of Chinese Tradition,
p. 29.

30.
Record of Rites
2.263, in
The Li Ki,
trans. James Legge (Oxford, 1885).

31.
Record of Rites
2.359.

32.
Granet,
Chinese Civilization,
pp. 297–308.

33.
Record of Rites
1:215.

34.
Granet,
Chinese Civilization,
pp. 310–43.

35.
Gernet,
Ancient China,
p. 75.

36.
Granet,
Chinese Civilization,
pp. 261–84; Gernet,
History of Chinese Civilization,
pp. 261–79; Gernet,
Ancient China,
p. 75; Holmes Welch,
The Parting of the Way: Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement
(London, 1958), p. 18.

37.
Zuozhuan
(“The Commentary of Mr. Zuo”) 1:320, in
The Ch’un Ts’ew and the Tso Chuen,
trans. James Legge, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong, 1960).

38.
Zuozhuan
1:635.

39.
Zuozhuan
2:234.

40.
Zuozhuan
1:627.

41.
James A. Aho,
Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolism of Military Violence
(Westport, CT, 1981), pp. 110–11.

42.
Spring and Autumn Annals
10:17:4.

43.
Spring and Autumn Annals,
1:9:6.

44.
Herbert Fingarette,
Confucius: The Secular as Sacred
(New York, 1972).

45.
Schwartz,
World of Thought,
p. 62; Fung,
Short History,
p. 12.

46.
William Theodore de Bary,
The Trouble with Confucianism
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 1996), pp. 24–33.

47.
Analects
12:3 in
The Analects of Confucius,
trans. and ed. Arthur Waley (New York, 1992).

48.
Analects
15:24.

49.
Analects
4:15, 15:23.

50.
Analects
6:30, in Edward Slingerland, trans.,
Confucius: Analects, with Selections from Traditional Commentaries
(Indianapolis, IN, and Cambridge, UK, 2003).

51.
Ibid., Waley translation.

52.
De Bary,
Trouble with Confucianism,
p. 30.

53.
Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 155, 157–58.

54.
Analects
12:1, translation suggested by Schwartz, ibid., p. 77.

55.
Ibid., Slingerland translation.

56.
Analects
5:4.

57.
Fingarette,
Confucius,
pp. 1–17, 46–79.

58.
Analects
12:3.

59.
Analects
7:30.

60.
Tu Wei-ming,
Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation
(Albany, NY, 1985), pp. 115–16.

61.
Ibid., pp. 57–58; Huston Smith,
The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions
(San Francisco, 1991), pp. 180–81.

62.
Analects
13:30.

63.
Don J. Wyatt, “Confucian Ethical Action and the Boundaries of Peace and War,” in Andrew R. Murphy, ed.,
The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence
(Chichester, UK, 2011).

64.
Analects
12:7, Slingerland translation.

65.
Analects
12:7.

66.
Analects
16:2.

67.
Analects
2:3.

68.
The Book of Mencius
3:A:4, in
Mencius,
trans. D. C. Lau (London, 1975).

69.
Xinzhong Yao,
An Introduction to Confucianism
(Cambridge, UK, 2000), p. 28.

70.
Mencius
7:B:4.

71.
Mencius
7:B:4.

72.
Mencius
7:B:2; Wyatt, “Confucian Ethical Action,” pp. 240–44.

73.
Mencius
2:A:1.

74.
A. C. Graham,
Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science
(Hong Kong, 1978), p. 4; Gernet,
Ancient China,
pp. 116–17.

75.
The Book of Mozi
3:16, cited in Fung,
Short History,
p. 55.

76.
Mozi
15:11–15, in
Mo-Tzu: Basic Writings,
trans. and ed. B. Watson (New York, 1963).

77.
A. C. Graham,
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
(La Salle, IL, 1989), p. 41.

78.
Mozi
15.

79.
Graham,
Later Mohist Logic,
p. 250.

80.
Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
pp. 56–61.

81.
Zuozhuan
2:30.

82.
Zuozhuan,
p. 254.

83.
Zuozhuan,
p. 243.

84.
Zuozhuan,
pp. 97–118; John Keegan,
A History of Warfare
(London and New York, 1993), pp. 202–8; Robert L. O’Connell,
Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War
(New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 171–73; R. D. Sawyer,
The Military Classics of Ancient China
(Boulder, CO, 1993).

85.
Sun Tzu,
The Art of War: Complete Texts and Commentaries,
trans. Thomas Cleary (Boston and London, 1988), p. 56.

86.
Art of War
3.

87.
Selections from the
Sunzi,
in
Sources of Chinese Tradition,
trans. De Bary and Bloom, p. 217.

88.
Art of War,
Cleary translation, pp. 81–83.

89.
Art of War,
Cleary translation, p. 86.

90.
Sunzi,
5, De Bary and Bloom translation.

91.
Fairbank and Goldman,
China,
pp. 53–54.

92.
Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
pp. 172–203; Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 215–36; Fung,
Short History,
pp. 104–17.

93.
Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
pp. 170–213; Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 186–215; Max Kaltenmark,
Lao Tzu and Taoism,
trans. Roger Greaves (Stanford, CA, 1969), pp. 93–103.

94.
Daodejing
37, in
Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching,
trans. D. C. Lau (London, 1963).

95.
Daodejing
16, Lau translation.

96.
Daodejing
76, Lau translation.

97.
Daodejing
6, Lau translation.

98.
Daodejing
31, in
Lao Tzu,
Greaves translation, p. 56.

99.
Daodejing
68, in
Lao Tzu,
Greaves translation, p. 56.

100.
Daodejing
22, in
Sources of Chinese Tradition,
trans. De Bary and Bloom.

101.
Shang Jun Shu,
cited in Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
p. 64.

102.
Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 321–23.

103.
Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
pp. 61–65.

104.
Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
pp. 207–76; Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 321–43; Fung,
Short History,
pp. 155–65; Julia Ching,
Mysticism and Kingship in China: The Heart of Chinese Wisdom
(Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 236–41.

105.
Shang Jun Shu,
cited in Mark Elvin, “Was There a Transcendental Breakthrough in China?” in Eisenstadt,
Origins and Diversity of the Axial Civilizations,
p. 352.

106.
Shang Jun Shu,
cited in Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
p. 290.

107.
Shang Jun Shu
15:72, in
Hsun-Tzu: Basic Writings,
ed. and trans. Burton Watson (New York, 1963).

108.
Shang Jun Shu
15:72.

109.
The Book of Xunzi
10, cited in Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
p. 238.

110.
Hanfeizi
5, in
Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings,
ed. and trans. Burton Watson (New York, 1964).

111.
Hanfeizi
5.

112.
Ching,
Mysticism and Kingship,
p. 171.

113.
Xunzi
21:34–38, in
Xunzi: Basic Writings,
trans. Burton Watson (New York, 2003).

114.
Fairbank and Goldman,
China,
p. 56; Derk Bodde, “Feudalism in China,” in Rushton Coulbourn, ed.,
Feudalism in History
(Hamden, CT, 1965), p. 69.

115.
Sima Qian,
Records of the Grand Historian
6:239.

116.
Sima Qian,
Records of the Grand Historian,
6:87, cited in Fung,
Short History,
p. 204.

117.
Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
pp. 99–101.

118.
Sima Qian,
Records of the Grand Historian,
cited ibid., p. 141.

119.
Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 237–53.

120.
Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
pp. 145–57; Derk Bodde,
Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances During the Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.–A.D. 220
(Princeton, NJ, 1975).

121.
Cited in Lewis,
Sanctioned Violence,
p. 147.

122.
Sima Qian,
Records of the Grand Historian
8.1, cited in Fung,
Short History,
p. 215.

123.
Fung,
Short History,
pp. 205–16; Graham,
Disputers of the Tao,
pp. 313–77; Schwartz,
World of Thought,
pp. 383–406.

124.
Fairbank and Goldman,
China,
pp. 67–71.

125.
Joseph R. Levenson and Franz Schurmann,
China: An Interpretive History: From the Beginnings to the Fall of Han
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1969), p. 94.

126.
De Bary,
Trouble with Confucianism,
pp. 48–49.

127.
Yan tie lun
19, in
Sources of Chinese Tradition,
trans. De Bary and Bloom, p. 223.

128.
Hu Shih, “Confucianism,” in
Encyclopaedia of Social Science
(1930–35) 4:198–201; Ching,
Mysticism and Kingship,
p. 85.

129.
De Bary,
Trouble with Confucianism,
p. 49; Fairbank and Goldman,
China,
p. 63.

1.
Genesis 2:5–3.24. Unless otherwise stated, all biblical quotations are taken from
The Jerusalem Bible
(London, 1966).

2.
Genesis 3:17–19.

3.
Genesis 4:10–11, in
The Five Books of Moses,
trans. Everett Fox (New York, 1990).

4.
Genesis 4:17–22.

5.
Genesis 4:9.

6.
Genesis 12:1–3.

7.
Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher,
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origins of Its Sacred Texts
(New York and London, 2001), pp. 103–7; William G. Dever,
What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel
(Grand Rapids, MI, and Cambridge, UK, 2001), pp. 110–18.

8.
George W. Mendenhall,
The Tenth Generation: The Origins of Biblical Tradition
(Baltimore and London, 1973); P. M. Lemche,
Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical Studies on the Israelite Society Before the Monarchy
(Leiden, 1985); D. C. Hopkins,
The Highlands of Canaan
(Sheffield, UK, 1985); James D. Martin, “Israel as a Tribal Society,” in R. E. Clements, ed.,
The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives
(Cambridge, UK, 1989); H. G. M. Williamson, “The Concept of Israel in Transition,” in Clements,
World of Ancient Israel,
pp. 94–114.

9.
Finkelstein and Asher,
Bible Unearthed,
pp. 89–92.

10.
John H. Kautsky,
The Politics of Aristocratic Empires,
2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1997), p. 275; Karl A. Wittfogel,
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power
(New Haven, CT, 1957), pp. 331–32.

11.
Joshua 9:15; Exodus 6:15; Judges 1:16, 4:11; I Samuel 27:10. Frank Moore Cross,
Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 1973), pp. 49–50.

12.
Cross,
Canaanite Myth,
p. 69; Peter Machinist, “Distinctiveness in Ancient Israel,” in Mordechai Cogan and Israel Ephal, eds.,
Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography
(Jerusalem, 1991).

13.
This theme has been explored in more detail by Yoram Hazony,
The Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture
(Cambridge, UK, 2012), pp. 103–60.

14.
Norman Gottwald,
The
Hebrew Bible in Its Social World and in Ours
(Atlanta, 1993), pp. 115, 163.