Finest Years (88 page)

Lee, Raymond,
The London Observer: The Diaries of General Raymond Lee 1939–41
ed. James Leutze Hutchinson 1972

Lees-Milne, James,
The Diaries of James Lees-Milne
John Murray 2007

Leslie, Anita,
A Story Half Told
Hutchinson 1983

Lewin, Ronald,
Churchill as Warlord
Scarborough 1982

—The Chief
Hutchinson 1980

—Slim: The Standard Bearer
Leo Cooper 1977

Lukacs, John,
The Duel: Hitler versus Churchill
Oxford 1990

—Five Days in London, May 1940
Yale 2001

Lysaght, Charles Edward,
Brendan Bracken
Allen Lane 1979

Mackenzie, William,
The Secret History of SOE
St Ermins Press 2000

McLaine, Ian,
Ministry of Morale
Allen & Unwin 1979

Macmillan, Harold,
War Diaries
Macmillan 1984

Martin, Sir John,
Downing Street: The War Years
Bloomsbury 1991

Mayhew, Patrick ed.,
One Family's War
Hutchinson 1985

Mazower, Mark,
Hitler's Empire
Penguin 2008

—Inside Hitler's Greece
Yale 1993

Meacham, Jon,
Franklin and Winston: Portrait of a Friendship
Granta 2004

Menzies, Robert,
Dark Days: The Diaries of Robert Menzies
ed. A.W. Martin and Patsy Hardy National Library of Australia 1993

Millburn, Clara,
Mrs Millburn's Diaries
Harrap 1979

Molony, C.J.C.,
The Mediterranean and Middle East
vol. v HMSO 1973

Moorehead, Alan,
African Trilogy
Cassell 1998

Moran, Lord,
Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965
Constable 1966

Morgan, Sir Frederick E.,
Overture to Overlord
Hodder & Stoughton 1950

Morgan, Ted,
Churchill 1874–1915
Jonathan Cape 1982

—
Franklin Roosevelt
Simon & Schuster 1992

Mosley, Leonard,
Backs to the Wall: London Under Fire 1939–45
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1971

Nel, Elizabeth,
Mr Churchill's Secretary
Hodder & Stoughton 1958

Nicholas, H.G. ed.,
Washington Despatches
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1981

Nicolson, Harold,
The Diaries of Harold Nicolson 1939–45
ed. Nigel Nicolson Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1967

Ocherki Istorii Rossiikoi Vneshney Razvedki
(Studies on the History of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service) Moscow 2007

Overy, Richard,
War and Economy in the Third Reich
Oxford 1995

—
Why the Allies Won
Jonathan Cape 1997

—
Russia's War
Allen Lane 1998

—
The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia
Allen Lane 2004

Pauli, Kurt,
Von Serbien Bis Kreta
Steirische Verlagsanstatt 1942

Payne, Stanley G.,
Franco and Hitler
Yale 2007

Pickersgill, J.W. and Forster, D.F.,
The Mackenzie King Record
vols i & ii University of Toronto 1968

Pile, Gen. Sir Frederick,
Ack-Ack: Britain's Defence Against Air Attack
Harrap 1949

Pilipel, Robert H.,
Churchill in America
NEL 1977

Pogue, Forrest C.,
The Supreme Command
Washington DC 1954

—George C. Marshall: Education of a General 1880–1939
Viking 1964

—George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 1939–42
Viking 1965

—George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–45
Viking 1973

Porch, Douglas,
Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2004

Portelli, Alessandro, ‘The Massacre of Civitella Val Di Chianti: Myth and Politics, Mourning and Common Sense' in
The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue
Wisconsin 1997

Postan, M.M.,
British War Production
HMSO 1952

Potsdam Institute for the Study of Military History
Germany and the Second World War
nine vols published in translation by Oxford University Press 1990–2008

Pownall, Henry,
Chief of Staff: The Diaries of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall
ed. Brian Bond two vols Leo Cooper 1972 & 1974

Ramsden, John,
Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend Since 1945
HarperCollins 2002

Ray, John,
The Battle of Britain: New Perspectives
Arms & Armour Press 1994

Reynolds, David,
In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War
Penguin 2004

—The Creation of the Anglo–American Alliance 1937–1941
Chapel Hill 1982

—
ed. with Warren Kimball and A.O. Chubarian
Allies at War: The Soviet, American and British Experience 1942–45
Palgrave Macmillan 1994

—From World War to Cold War
Oxford 2002

Rhodes-James, Robert,
Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–39
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1970

Richards, Denis,
Portal of Hungerford
Heinemann 1977

Richardson, Charles,
From Churchill's Secret Circle to the BBC: The Biography of Lieutenant General Sir Ian Jacob
Brassey's 1991

Roberts, Andrew,
The Holy Fox: A Life of Lord Halifax
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1991

—
Masters and Commanders
Penguin 2008

Robinson, Derek,
Invasion 1940
Constable 2005

Rodger, N.A.M.,
The History of the Royal Navy
vol. ii Penguin 2005

Rogers, Anthony,
Churchill's Folly
Cassell 2003

Roosevelt, Elliott,
As He Saw It
Duell, Sloan & Pearce 1946

Rose, Norman,
Churchill: An Unruly Life
Simon & Schuster 1995

Roskill, Stephen,
Churchill and the Admirals
Collins 1977

—Hankey: Man of Secrets
three vols Collins 1974

—The War at Sea
HMSO 1960

Royal Historical Society Proceedings,
Record of the Churchill Conference at the Institute for Historical Research Jan 2001
Cambridge 2001

Rzheshevsky, O.A.,
Stalin and Churchill: Meetings, Conversations, Discussions
(Stalin i Cherchil: Vstrechi, besedy, diskussi) Moscow 2004

Salter, Arthur,
Slave of the Lamp
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1967

Sayers, R.S.,
Financial Policy 1939–45
HMSO 1956

Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh,
Dunkirk
Penguin 2006

Sebastian, Mikhail,
Journal 1935–44
Heinemann 2001

Sheridan, Dorothy ed.,
Wartime Women
Heinemann 1990

Sherwood, Robert,
The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins
vols i & ii Eyre & Spottiswoode 1948

—
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
Harper 1948

Slessor, Sir John,
The Central Blue
Cassell 1956

Slim, Field Marshal Viscount,
Defeat into Victory
Cassell 1956

Soames, Mary,
Clementine Churchill
Doubleday 2002

—ed.
Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill
Doubleday 1998

Sokolov, Vladimir and Stegny, Pyotr,
Bridges and Barriers II Rodina No. 5
Moscow 2003

Stacey, C.P.,
The Canadian Army 1939–45
Ottawa 1955

Stafford, David,
Roosevelt and Churchill
Little, Brown 1999

Stanford, J. K.,
Tail of an Army
Phoenix 1966

Strong, Kenneth,
Intelligence at the Top
Cassell 1968

Sweet-Escott, Bickham,
Baker Street Irregular
Methuen 1965

Taylor, A.J.P.,
Beaverbrook
Hamish Hamilton 1972

Tedder, Lord,
With Prejudice
Cassell 1966

Tendulkar, D.G.,
Mahatma
New Delhi 1969

Thompson, R.W.,
Churchill and Morton
Hodder & Stoughton 1976

Thorne, Christopher,
Allies of a Kind
Hamish Hamilton 1978

Thurlow, Richard,
Fascism in Britain: A History 1918–1985
Oxford 1987

Titmuss, Richard,
History of the Second World War: Problems of Social Policy
HMSO 1950

Tooze, Adam,
Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the German War Economy
Allen Lane 2006

Trollope, Anthony,
Autobiography
Trollope Society 1999

Trukhanovsky, V.G.,
Winston Churchill
(Uinston Cherchil. Politicheskaya Biograpiya) Progress Publishers Moscow 1978

Wallace, Henry,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace 1942–1946
ed. John Morton Blum Boston 1973

Watt, D.C.,
Succeeding John Bull
Cambridge 1980

Waugh, Evelyn,
Men at Arms
Chapman & Hall 1952

Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John, ed.,
Action this Day
Macmillan 1968

—John Anderson Viscount Waverley
Macmillan 1962

Wievorka, Olivier,
Une Certaine idée de la Résistance: Défense de la France 1940–1949
Paris 1995

Wilmot, Chester,
The Struggle for Europe
Collins 1952

Wilson, Thomas,
Churchill and the Prof
Cassell 1995

Winant, G.,
A Letter from Grosvenor Square
London 1947

Winfield, Ronald,
The Sky Belongs to Them
William Kimber 1976

Wrigley, Chris,
Churchill
Haus 2006

Young, Kenneth,
Stanley Baldwin
Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1976

Zhukov, G.K.,
Vospominaniya i Razmyshlenita
(Memories and Reflections) vol. ii Moscow 1992

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Abyssinia: campaign in, 123, 138

Accolade
, Operation, 402–3

Adam, Gen. Sir Ronald, 208, 427

Admiralty: submarine tracking room, 337; cancels March convoy to Archangel, 372;
see also
Royal Navy

Aegean
see
Dodecanese

Afrika Korps
see
German army

airborne forces: WSC urges expansion, 245

Alam Halfa: Afrika Korps repulsed, 335, 337

Alamein, battle of (1942), 337–42, 344, 351, 353

Alanbrooke, 1st Viscount
see
Brooke, Gen. Sir Alan

Albania: Italians withdraw to from Greece, 118; Resistance movement, 462; rejects return of King Zog, 515; communist partisans seize control after liberation, 524

Albery, Sir Irving, 13

Alexander, Albert Victor (
later
Earl), 10, 19, 105

Alexander, Gen. Sir Harold (
later
1st Earl, of Tunis: on reasons for weak army leadership, 265; public knowledge of, 307; reluctance to express view of course of war, 308; appointed C.in C. Middle East, 320; and prospective North African offensive, 332; signals from WSC on impending Eighth Army offensive, 337; reputation after Alamein, 341; on US incompetence in North Africa, 351; on Allied North African campaign, 370; relations with WSC, 375; commands in Sicily campaign, 382, 389; given command in Mediterranean, 438, 530; proposed for British commander on D-Day, 438; and campaign in Italy, 440, 481, 489; and Anzio stalemate, 441, 443; WSC maintains confidence in, 443; urges restraint on Italian partisans, 465; entertains WSC in Italy, 507; on British forces in post-liber-ation Greece, 531, 533, 537; at Athens conference with WSC, 537–8; WSC proposes to replace Tedder as Deputy Supreme Commander, 558; on troops' reluctance to engage Tito's communists, 573; instructed to expel Yugoslav partisans from Trieste, 580; at Potsdam conference, 584; WSC grows impatient with, 596

Algeria: WSC visits, 380

Allied Control Commission in Germany, 551

Alsace-Lorraine, 500

Amery, Julian, 311

Amery, Leo: diary, xx; scepticism over WSC's powers and roles, 4; accepts WSC's leadership qualities, 10; serves under WSC, 11; on prospective French defeat, 48; contrasts WSC and Lloyd George, 90; and campaign in Greece, 119; revulsion towards Russia as ally, 154; and WSC's not mentioning visiting Canada, 228; and WSC's apathy towards Bengal famine, 236; on WSC's hostility to Indian independence, 255; 1922 Committee member complains to, 272; and WSC's reaction to criticism, 309; on dealing with WSC, 335; favours Wavell as super-chief of staff, 335; on Alamein, 339; on WSC's handling of debate on Town and Country Planning Bill, 422; complains of disorganised cabinet meetings, 508

Anders, Gen. Wladyslaw, 328, 517, 556

Anderson, Sir John: in war cabinet, 140; qualities, 273–4; on recall of Beaverbrook, 395; and development of atom bomb, 445, 587

Anderson, Gen. Sir Kenneth, 351

Annan, Noel, Baron, 463–4

Anvil
, Operation
see Dragoon
, Operation

Anzio: landings and stalemate, 438, 440–3, 479; Allied breakout, 481

Arcadia
(US-British summit, December 1941), 219,

226, 229 Archangel, 331, 372

Arctic (PQ) convoys, 251, 323, 325, 330, 337

Ardennes: German advance in (1940), 5, 13

Army & Navy Club, London, 260

Army Bureau of Current Affairs (ABCA), 208

Army and Navy Journal
(USA), 549

Arnhem, battle of, 442, 514

Arnold, Gen. Henry (‘Hap'): at Placentia Bay meeting, 194–5; WSC criticises, 495; on bombing of Dresden, 562

Arnold, Thomas, 474

Ashford, Pam, 238, 262

Astier de la Vigerie, Emmanuel d', 458

Athens: WSC visits (December 1944), xxii, 534–40; WSC revisits (February 1945), 554–5

Atlantic, Battle of the: conduct of, 113, 119, 171, 199, 206, 367; shipping losses in, 138, 188, 202, 244, 337, 372; RAF denies use of heavy aircraft for, 149; US escorts in, 197, 199, 220; merchant ship crossing times, 241; and air cover, 250

Atlantic Charter, 197–9, 253

Atlantic Committee (British cabinet), 187

Atlantic Wall: constructed, 95, 397; breached on D-Day, 488

atom bomb, 585–7

Attlee, Clement (
later
1st Earl): qualities, 10; supports WSC's decision to fight on, 30, 37; and WSC's proposed union with France, 55; on WSC's search for action, 114; in war cabinet, 140; Beaverbrook disparages, 145; asked not to cut rations, 217; gives information to Dominions, 220; letter from WSC in Washington, 223; differences with Cripps, 243; criticises area bombing, 249; administrative efficiency on home front, 272; loyalty to WSC, 272–3; on Anderson, 274; welcomes US plan for second front, 285; presides at cabinet meetings, 302; WSC cables from Moscow, 325–6; messages from WSC in Casablanca, 353, 356; on US reverse in North Africa, 371; WSC cables from Washington (May 1943), 379; reports WSC's late visit to Moscow, 520; criticises WSC for behaviour at cabinet meetings, 545; and end of coalition government, 577; accompanies WSC to Potsdam conference, 584–5; election victory and premiership (1945), 589–90

Auchinleck, Gen. Sir Claude: replaces Wavell as C.in

C. Middle East, 139; postpones offensive in North Africa, 161; on need for US troops, 195; launches offensive, 209–10, 215; WSC requests transfer of troops to Far East, 222; failure in Western Desert, 259, 311, 316–17, 339; WSC orders to hold Tobruk, 297; dismissed, 318; defends line at Alamein, 338; wounded by WSC, 343; advises restraint on civilian population, 454

Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, 501

Australia: troops in Middle East, 33, 122; troops in Crete, 136; troops defend Tobruk, 149, 162; excluded from Allied war council, 220; delays conscription, 235; uncertain relations with Britain, 235, 350–1; invasion fears, 236, 350; army division ordered home from North Africa, 350; casualties at Alamein, 351; troops in New Guinea, 369; and offensive against Japanese through Borneo, 477

Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 386, 507

Baldwin, Stanley, 1st Earl: on WSC as potential war leader, 3; WSC acknowledges good wishes, 44; ironworks factory bombed, 66; premiership, 104

Balkans: Nazi mass killings in, 387; operations in, 426, 428; Resistance movements, 451, 461–2; SOE operations in, 459; British prestige declines, 473; Soviet post-war interest in, 515–16, 545; German withdrawal and post-war settlement, 523–4

Baltic States, 256, 289

Barbarossa
, Operation, 150–2

Barclay, George, 80

Barnett, Correlli, 337

Barry, Col. Dick, 472

Baruch, Bernard, 227

Bataan peninsula, 240

Battleaxe
, Operation, 138

Beaumont, Joan, 290

Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron: serves under WSC, 11; relations with WSC, 17, 82–3, 88, 145, 193, 202, 227, 288, 315, 395–6; travels to Tours with WSC, 48–9; and WSC's belief in bombing campaign, 74–5; heads aircraft production, 82–3, 108; pessimism, 111; Pownall disparages, 140; in war cabinet, 140; character and unpopularity, 145; and German invasion of Russia, 153; supports aid to Russia, 163, 165–6, 226; on delegation to Russia, 164–5; advocates second front, 165, 288; as chairman of Allied Supplies Executive, 166; accompanies WSC to Washington, 217, 226–7; Morgenthau dislikes, 229; offers resignation, 236; resigns, 242; complains of ‘three profs', 275; praises Russia on visit to New York, 287–8; Molotov meets, 289; reaction to Dieppe raid, 333; on WSC as ‘bent man', 335; letter to Luce on British uncertainties over Italian campaign, 382; recalled to cabinet as lord privy seal, 395; tables Lords motion calling for second front, 395; helps Randolph Churchill pay debts, 396; at cabinet meetings, 545; congratulates WSC on Yalta meeting, 555; and Conservative defeat in 1945 election, 589

Bedford, Hastings William Sackville Russell, 12th Duke of (
earlier
Marquess of Tavistock), 27

Belgium: Germans overrun, 5, 7–8, 11, 20, 25; surrenders, 36; lends gold to Britain, 173; Resistance movement, 453; left-wing demands at liberation, 523–5, 531

Bellamy, Chris, 167

Bellenger, Capt. Frederick, 62

Belsey, Elizabeth, 135, 155, 304–5, 396

Beria, Lavrenti P., 63, 321–2, 557

Beria, Sergo, 432–4, 550, 588

Berlin: bombed, 97, 424; Red Army advances on, 558–9, 565; WSC visits, 584

Berlin, Sir Isaiah, 34, 76, 509, 591

Bernays, Rob, xxiii

Bevan, Aneurin: challenges WSC in Commons, 62, 309, 343–4, 529; praises WSC's welcome of Russia as ally, 154; and Cripps, 243; votes against Regulation 1AA (on unofficial strikes), 280; prejudices on British imperialist attitudes, 316; on WSC's claiming credit for victories, 343; on WSC's reluctance to address domestic issues, 422; on prospects in 1945 general election, 579

Beveridge, Sir William, 238; Report (1942), 254

Bevin, Ernest: qualities, 10, 273; and proposed union of Ireland, 72; popular image, 111; and public disappointment at inertia in war, 112; Pownall disparages, 140; in war cabinet, 140; on failing aircraft productivity, 276; left-wing attacks on, 281; regulates unofficial strikes, 281; demands a victory, 302; rallies workers, 399–400; confronts WSC over Woolton's future, 423; discusses maintaining coalition government with Eden, 486

Bevir, Tony, 144

Billancourt, France: Renault factory bombed, 247

Birkenhead, F.E. Smith, 1st Earl of, 193, 202

Birse, Maj. (interpreter), 327

Bizerta, 376

Black, Rosemary, 302

Bletchley Park: decrypts Ultra signals, 84–5; intercepts U-boat signals, 158, 337; secrecy over, 159; WSC visits and authorises more resources, 204;
see also
Ultra

Blunt, Anthony, 321

Blunt, Maggie Joy, 305, 334

Bock, Field Marshal Fedor von, 58

Bohlen, Charles, 224, 434

Bonham Carter, Lady Violet, 238, 371

Borneo, 477

Borrow, George, 30

Boulogne: evacuated, 24

Bracken, Brendan (
later
Viscount): serves under WSC, 11; relations with WSC, 17, 145–6; appointed to Privy Council, 44; qualities and character, 145–6; meets Hopkins, 180, 181; welcomes Winant as US ambassador, 185; WSC criticises
Time
magazine to, 295; on battle of Alamein, 337, 339; letter from Jack Jones, 399; disparages Hopkins, 513; at cabinet meetings, 545; and Conservative defeat in 1945 election, 589

Bridges, Sir Edward, xviii, 11, 17, 144

Britain: early military defeats, xvi-xvii; German air threat to, 13; and German invasion threat, 18, 24, 30, 67–9, 73–4, 81, 87, 94–7, 100–1, 103, 123–4, 207, 217; ruling classes' defeatism, 27, 33; casualties in France (1940), 53n, 58; military weakness after fall of France, 57; scepticism about victory in summer 1940, 61–2; US views on, 64–5, 184, 258, 298–9, 361; available military equipment in June 1940, 66; bombed by Luftwaffe, 73, 78–80, 97–9, 107; US aid for, 73, 170–2, 183–4; financial difficulties, 86, 172–4, 548, 585; casualties from air attacks, 97, 137, 480; life and conditions in, 107–8; nature of war cabinet, 140; aid to Russia, 150, 158, 160, 165–7, 480; colonial policy, 151; view of Soviet Union, 151, 154–5, 159–60, 167–8, 304, 306, 332, 346, 370, 382, 445–6, 576; fear of airborne attack, 158; Arctic convoys to Russia, 166, 251, 290, 323, 330, 337, 352, 358, 372; popular exasperation at military inaction, 168, 335; casualties, 169; shortage of supplies and equipment, 170; assets sold in USA, 173; anti-Americanism in, 174–7, 189, 214–15, 370–2, 482; import requirements, 220; underestimates US leadership and capabilities, 226; apathy and discontent in, 253; aircraft design and development, 269–70; domestic administration, 272–3; regulations and restrictions, 275–6; class tensions and industrial unrest, 276–82; scientific innovations, 276; incomes and earnings, 277; health standards, 279–80; treaty of alliance with Russia (1942), 291–3; army strength and deployment (mid–1942), 294; meagreness of public information, 307; preponderance of forces over US in North Africa, 358; forces concentrated for invasion of France, 358; troop deployment, 368; effect of blackout on morale, 371; impedes US plans for early D-Day, 385–6, 388, 391, 396; leftwing hostility to conduct of war, 396–7; special forces and commandos, 404; by-election results (1944), 443–4; total war casualties, 450; industrial disputes, 476; low morale before D-Day, 476; miners' strikes (1943), 399; (1944), 476; working relations with Americans, 482–3; army weakness compared with USA, 484; post-war world position, 519–20; weakness compared with USA, 519; differences with USA over post-liberation policies, 540–2; manpower problems, 546; coalition government dissolved, 577; general election (1945), 577–9, 584, 589; denied credit for atom bomb development, 587; produces few outstanding military commanders, 595

Britain, Battle of (1940), 59, 79–81, 85, 97–9

British Army: inaction, 114; WSC on limited role of, 115–16; based in Britain, 156; equipment shortages, 156; US low estimate of, 229; feeble performance, 240, 259–64; regimental system, 263–4; corrupt and indulgent practices, 264–5; leadership weaknesses, 264–7; inadequate armour and weaponry, 268–9; artillery excellence, 269; qualities of ordinary soldiers, 270–1; reputation after successes in North Africa, 341, 353; caution, 346; avoids heavy land battles, 369; Long Range Desert Group, 404, 407, 410, 415, 417; casualties in post-liberation Greece, 533;
see also
British Expeditionary Force Armies:

First Army: in North African landings, 351

Eighth Army: under Ritchie, 210; defeats, 262, 334; and recovery of disabled vehicles, 264; poor air support, 269; inactivity, 302; Montgomery appointed to command, 320; offensive under Montgomery, 336; advance in North Africa, 344–5, 352–3; WSC addresses at Castel Benito, 365; lands in Italy, 391

British Empire: defeats, 234; WSC's attitude to, 235–6, 597