For Lust of Knowing (54 page)

62
. Metzlitzki,
The Matter of Araby in Medieval England
, pp. 197–203, 205–7.

63
. Robert Bartlett,
England under the Norman and Angevin Kings
(Oxford, 2000), pp. 660–61.

64
. On Mandeville, see Malcolm Letts,
Sir John Mandeville: The Man and His Book
(London, 1949); Robert Fazy, ‘Jehan de Mandeville. Ses voyages et son séjour discuté en Egypte',
Etudes Asiatiques
, 3 (1949), pp. 30–54; Donald R. Howard,
Writers and Pilgrims: Medieval Pilgrimage Narratives and Their Posterity
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980); Metzlitzki,
The Matter of Araby in Medieval England
, pp. 220–39; Mary B. Campbell,
The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing 400–1600
(Ithaca, 1988), pp. 122–61.

65
.
The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
, edited and translated by C. W. R. D. Mosley (Harmondsworth, 1983), p. 107.

66
. Letts,
Sir John Mandeville
, p. 50–51.

67
. Ibid., p. 49.

68
. Ziauddin Sardar,
Orientalism
(Buckingham, 1999), p 25.

69
. Campbell,
The Witness and the Other World
, p. 122.

1
. Charles Burnett, ‘The Second Revelation of Arabic Philosophy and Science: 1492–1562', in Charles Burnett and Anna Contadini (eds),
Islam and the Italian Renaissance
(Warburg Institute Colloquia, 5), pp. 185–98.

2
. Ibid., p. 186.

3
. ‘Petrarca's Aversion to ArabScience' (a letter to Giovanni de Dondi) in Ernst Cassirer, Paul Otto Kristeller and John Herman Randall, Jr (eds and trs),
The Renaissance Philosophy of Man
(Chicago and London, 1948), p. 142. On Petrarch and the Arabs more generally, see H. A. R. Gibb, ‘Literature', in Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (eds),
The Legacy of Islam
, 1st edn (Oxford, 1931), p. 192; Enrico Cerulli, ‘Petrarca e gli Arabi',
Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale
, 7 (1965), pp. 331–6; Francesco Gabrieli, ‘II Petrarca e gli Arabi',
Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale
, 7 (1965), pp. 487–94; Paul Otto Kristeller, ‘Petrarch's “Averroists”: A Note on the History of Averroism in Venice, Padua and Bologna',
Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance
, 14 (1952), pp. 59–65; Charles Burnett, ‘Learned Knowledge of Arabic Poetry, Rhymed Prose, and Didactic Verse from Petrus Alfonsi to Petrarch', in John Marenbon (ed.),
Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages: A Festschrift
for Peter Dronke
(Leiden, 2001), pp. 29–62; Charles Burnett, ‘Petrarch and Averroes: An Episode in the History of Poetics', in Ian Macpherson and Ralph Penny (eds),
The Medieval Mind: Hispanic Studies in Honour of Alan Deyermond
(Woodbridge, 1997), pp. 49–56.

4
. ‘An Averroist Visits Petrarca', in Cassirer et al.,
Renaissance Philosophy of Man
, p. 140.

5
. ‘A Request to Take Up the Fight Against Averroes', in Cassirer et al.,
Renaissance Philosophy of Man
, p. 144.

6
. ‘Petrarca on his own Ignorance', in Cassirer et al.,
Renaissance Philosophy of Man
, p. 77.

7
. Lynn Thorndike,
A History of Magic and Experimental Science
, vol. 2 (New York, 1923), p. 633.

8
. John Edwin Sandys,
A History of Classical Scholarship
, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1908), vol. 2, p. 67.

9
. F. Pall, ‘Ciriaco d'Ancona e la crociata contro i Turchi',
Bulletin de la section historique de l'Académie roumaine
, 20 (1938), pp. 9–68; Franz Babinger, ‘Notes on Cyriac of Ancona and Some of his Friends',
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
, 25 (1962), pp. 321–3; E. W. Bodnar,
Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens
(Brussels, 1960).

10
. E. Borsook, ‘The Travels of Bernardo Michelozzi and Bonsignore Bonsignori in the Levant (1497–8)',
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
, 36 (1973), pp. 145–97.

11
. George Gheverghese Joseph,
The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics
(London, 1991), pp. 17, 308, 331; Richard Mankiewicz,
The Story of Mathematics
(London, 2000), p. 49; G. J. Toomer,
Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic
in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1996), pp. 233–42; George Molland, ‘The Limited Lure of Arabic Mathematics', in G. A. Russell (ed.),
The ‘Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England
(Leiden, 1994), pp. 218–21.

12
. On Nicholas of Cusa, see E. F. Jacob, ‘Cusanus the Theologian', in
Essays in the Conciliar Epoch
, 2nd edn (Manchester, 1953), pp. 154–69; Norman Daniel,
Islam and the West: The Making of an Image
(Edinburgh, 1960), pp. 276–8; R. W. Southern,
Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp. 92–4.

13
. On Pico della Mirandola, see E. Garin,
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Vita e dottrina
(Florence, 1937); P. Kibre,
The Library of Pico della Mirandola
(New York, 1936); Cassirer et al.,
Renaissance Philosophy of Man
, pp. 215–54; Joseph L. Blau,
The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala in the Renaissance
(New York, 1944); K. H. Dannenfeldt, ‘Renaissance Humanists and the Knowledge of Arabic',
Studies in the Renaissance
, 2 (1955), p. 101.

14
. M. Bernal,
Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization
(London, 1987).

15
. Erik Iversen,
The Myth of Egypt and its Hieroglyphs in European Tradition
(Princeton, 1993), pp. 59–74; Umberto Eco,
The Search for the Perfect Language
(London, 1997), pp. 146–54.

16
. On Renaissance esotericism, see, amongst much else, Paul Otto Kristeller,
The Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino
(New York, 1943); Wayne Shumaker,
The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance: A Study in Intellectual Patterns
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972); D. P. Walker,
Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella
(London, 1958); Blau,
The Christian Interpretation of the Cabala
; François Secret,
Les Kabbalistes Chrétiens de la Renaissance
(Paris, 1964); Frances Yates,
Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
(London, 1964).

17
. On Christian captives in the Islamic lands, particularly in North Africa, see Samuel C. Chew,
The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance
(New York, 1937), pp. 340–46, 373–85; Nabil Matar,
Islam in Britain 1558–1685
(Cambridge, 1998),
passim
; Nabil Matar,
Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery
(New York, 1998), pp. 71–82; Linda Colley,
Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1850
(London, 2002), pp. 23–134; Bartolomé Bennassar and Lucile Bennassar,
Les Chrétiens d'Allah: L'histoire extraordinaire des renégats, XVIe–XVIIe siècles
(Paris, 1989); Robert C. Davis,
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
(London, 2004).

18
. Aziz S. Atiya,
The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages
(New York, 1938), pp. 258–9; cf. Norman Housley (ed. and tr.),
Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580
(Basingstoke, 1986), pp. 169–73.

19
. B. Rekers,
Benito Arias Montano (1527–1598)
(London, 1972); Alastair Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence in Antwerp's Golden Age
(Oxford, 2001), p. 65.

20
. Busbecq,
The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554–1562
, translated by Edward Seymour Forster (Oxford, 1927), p. 40.

21
. Bernard Lewis,
The Emergence of Modern Turkey
(Oxford, 1961), p. 27.

22
. Matar,
Turks, Moors and Englishmen
, pp. 100–127.

23
. On travel writing in this period, see, among much else, Margaret T. Hodges,
Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
(Philadelphia, 1964); Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 26–39; Ulrich Haarmann, ‘The Mamluk System of Rule in the Eyes of Western Travellers',
Mamluk Studies Review
, 5 (2001), pp. 1–24; Anne Wolf,
How Many Miles to Babylon? Travels to Egypt and Beyond from 1300 to 1640
(Liverpool, 2003).

24
. Jean Thenaud,
Le Voyage d'Outremer
, edited by Charles Schefer (Paris, 1884).

25
. Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 40–41.

26
.
The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
; cf. Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 41–5.

27
. Nicolas de Nicolay,
Les Navigations et Voyages, faicts en la Turquie
(Antwerp, 1576); cf. Julian Raby,
Venice, Dürer and the Oriental Mode
(London, 1982), p. 95n; Yvelie Bernard,
L'Orient du XVIe siècle: Une société musulmane florissante
(Paris, 1988),
passim
; Alastair Hamilton,
Europe and the Arab World: Five Centuries of books by European scholars and travellers from the libraries of the Arcadian Group
(Oxford, 1994), pp. 9–10.

28
. Peter Burke,
A Social History of Knowledge
(London, 2002), p. 109.

29
. Jean Léon l'Africain,
Description de l'Afrique
, translated by Alexis Epaulard, 2 vols (Paris, 1956). On Leo, see Louis Massignon,
Le Maroc dans les premières années du XVIe siècle
(Algiers, 1906); Toomer,
Eastern Wisdome and Learning
, pp. 21–2; John Robert Jones,
Learning Arabic in Renaissance Europe (1505–1624)
, Ph.D. thesis (School of Oriental and African Studies, London University, July 1988), pp. 65–72, 144–5.

30
. On the Maronites in Italy and on Western interest in Eastern Christians more generally, see the next chapter.

31
. On Postel, see William Bousma,
Concordia Mundi, The career and thought of Guillaume Postel (1510–1580)
, (Cambridge, Mass., 1957); Bousma, ‘Postel and the Significance of Renaissance Cabalism', in Paul O. Kristeller and Philip P. Wiener (eds),
Renaissance Essays
(New York, 1968), pp. 252–66; Johann Fück,
Die Arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts
(Leipzig, 1955), pp. 36–44; Secret,
LesKabbalistesChrétiensde la Renaissance
; F. Secret, ‘Guillaume Postel et les Etudes Arabes à la Renaissance',
Arabica
, vol. 9 (1962), pp. 21–36; Hamilton,
Europe and the Arab World
, pp. 44–9; Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 48–54; Marjorie Reeves,
The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages
(Oxford, 1969), pp. 382–5, 479–81; Umberto Eco,
The Search for the Perfect Language
(London, 1995), pp. 75–80; Francine de Nave (ed.),
Philologia Arabica: Arabische studiën en drukken Nederlanden in 16de en 17de eeuw
(Antwerp, 1986), pp. 81–7; Georges Weill and François Secret,
Vie et caractère de Guillaume Postel
(Milan, 1987); Lucien Febvre,
Le Problème de l'incroyance au 16e siècle) La religion de Rabelais
, 2nd edn (Paris, 1968), pp. 107–19; Jones,
Learning Arabic
, pp. 149–58; Josée Balagna,
L'Imprimerie arabe en occident (XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles)
(Paris, 1984), pp. 23–7.

32
. On the Qur'an printed by Bibliander, see Fück,
Die Arabischen Studien in Europa
, pp. 6–8; James Kritzek,
Peter the Venerable and Islam
(Princeton, NJ, 1964), pp. vii–ix; Hamilton,
Europe and the Arab World
, pp. 38–41; De Nave (ed.),
Philologia Arabica
, pp. 92–4.

33
. Chew,
The Crescent and the Rose
, pp. 101–2.

34
. Southern,
Western Views of Islam
, pp. 104–7.

35
. Errol F. Rhodes, ‘Polyglot Bibles', in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. 2.
Coogan (eds),
The Oxford Companion to the Bible
(New York and Oxford, 1993), pp. 601–3.

36
. Rhodes, ‘Polyglot Bibles', pp. 601–2; Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 61–6.

37
. Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 65–6.

38
. Fück,
Die Arabischen Studien
, pp. 57, 63–4; Hamilton,
Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence
, pp. 71–6, 79–87; De Nave,
Philologia Arabica
, pp. 124–36; Toomer,
Eastern Wisdome
, pp. 41–2; Jones,
Learning Arabic
, pp. 185–6; Balagna,
L'Imprimerie arabe
, pp. 41–3.

39
. On the Medici Press, see Jones,
Learning Arabic
, pp. 85–90, 167, 169–83; John Robert Jones,
The Medici Oriental Press (Rome 1584–1614) and Renaissance Arabic Studies
, Exhibition Leaflet at SOAS, London, 1983; Jones, ‘The Medici Oriental Press (Rome 1584–1614) and the Impact of its Arabic Publications on Europe', in Russell (ed.),
The ‘Arabick' Interest
, pp. 88–108; Balagna,
L'Imprimerie arabe
, pp. 34–41, 51; Hamilton,
Europe and the Arab World
, pp. 58–63; Toomer,
Eastern Wisdome
, pp. 22–4; De Nave,
Philologia Arabica
, pp. 73–5.