From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (205 page)

7
. Henry Fairlie,
The Kennedy Promise
(New York, 1973), 72.

8
. Ibid., 132–64.

9
. William Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
(New York, 2003), 486–87.

10
. Walt Whitman Rostow,
The Diffusion of Power: An Essay on Recent History
(New York, 1972), 170.

11
. Trumbull Higgins,
The Perfect Failure: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs
(New York, 1987).

12
.
New York Times,
February 22, 1998.

13
. Ibid.; Lawrence Freedman,
Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam
(New York, 2000), 140–46.

14
. James N. Giglio,
The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 58–59.

15
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
493.

16
.
New York Times,
November 23, 1997; Thomas G. Paterson, "Spinning out of Control: Kennedy's War Against Cuba and the Missile Crisis," in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.,
Major Problems in American Foreign Relations,
vol. 2,
Since 1914
(6th ed., Boston, 2005), 401–13; James G. Hershberg, "Before the Missiles of October: Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?"
Diplomatic History
14 (Spring 1990), 163–98.

17
. Fred I. Greenstein and Richard H. Immerman, "What Did Eisenhower Tell Kennedy About Indochina? The Politics of Misperception,"
Journal of American History
79 (September 1992), 576.

18
. Seth Jacobs, "No Place to Fight a War: Laos and the Evolution of U.S. Policy Toward Vietnam, 1954–1963," in Mark Philip Bradley and Marilyn B. Young, eds.,
Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives
(New York, 2008), 49, 60; Noam Kochavi, "Limited Accommodation, Perpetual Conflict: Kennedy, China, and the Laos Crisis, 1961–1963,"
Diplomatic History
26 (Winter 2002), 108.

19
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
74–78; Taubman,
Khrushchev,
493–500.

20
. Michael R. Beschloss,
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev
, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 225.

21
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
501–2.

22
. Thomas Alan Schwartz, "Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s," in Diane Kunz, ed.,
The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade
(New York, 1994), 124.

23
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
537–41; Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
85–88.

24
. Raymond F. Betts,
Decolonization
(London, 1998), 42–43.

25
. Thomas J. Knock, "Feeding the World and Thwarting the Communists: George McGovern and Food for Peace," in David F. Schmitz and T. Christopher Jespersen, eds.,
Architects of the American Century: Individuals and Institutions in Twentieth-Century U.S. Foreign Policymaking
(Chicago, 2000), 98–120.

26
. Elizabeth A. Cobbs, "Decolonization, the Cold War, and the Foreign Policy of the Peace Corps,"
Diplomatic History
20 (Winter 1996), 79–105; Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
157.

27
. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman,
All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the
1960s (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 257.

28
. Robert J. McMahon,
The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan
(New York, 1994), 173.

29
. Ibid., 297.

30
. Warren Bass,
Support Any Friend: Kennedy's Middle East Policy
(New York, 2003), 98–143; Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since
1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 183–85.

31
. Bass,
Any Friend,
145.

32
. Ibid., 191–238; Little,
Orientalism,
94–97.

33
. Thomas Borstelmann,
The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 164–67.

34
. Thomas J. Noer, "The New Frontier and African Neutralism: Kennedy, Nkrumah, and the Volta River Project,"
Diplomatic History
8 (Winter 1984), 61–79.

35
. Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
149.

36
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
228–30.

37
. Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
153–57.

38
. Stephen G. Rabe,
The Most Dangerous Area of the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 7.

39
. Ibid., 1–2.

40
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
233.

41
. Rabe,
Dangerous Area,
46.

42
. Ibid., 41.

43
. Dallek,
Unfinished Life,
522.

44
. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963,
vol. 12 (Washington, 1996), 536–38, 607–9;
New York Times,
October 30, 1994.

45
.
FRUS
,
1961–1963
12:351n.

46
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
233–36; Rabe,
Dangerous Area,
148–49.

47
. Rabe,
Dangerous Area,
147.

48
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
531–37; Alexansdr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali,
"One Hell of a Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy, 1958–1964
(New York, 1997), 166–83.

49
. The classic study is Graham Allison,
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis
(Boston, 1971). For a very different approach, see Jutta Weldes,
Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis
(Minneapolis, 1999).

50
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
207.

51
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
568–70.

52
. Philip Nash,
The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters 1957–1963
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997).

53
. Freedman,
Kennedy's Wars,
208–17.

54
. Dallek,
Unfinished Life,
571–74.

55
. Taubman,
Khrushchev,
531–32. An older work that raises searching questions about JFK's skill at crisis management is James A. Nathan, "The Missile Crisis: His Finest Hour Now,"
World Politics
27 (January 1975), 256–81. More recent accounts that draw on Soviet sources include Fursenko and Naftali,
"One Hell of a Gamble"
and James G. Blight and David A. Welch,
On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis
(New York, 1989).

56
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
216; Taubman,
Khrushchev,
581.

57
. Dallek,
Unfinished Life,
620–21; Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
217.

58
. Freedman,
Kennedy's Wars,
240–44.

59
. Giglio,
Kennedy Presidency,
218–20.

60
. Frank Costigliola, "The Failed Design: Kennedy, de Gaulle, and the Struggle for Europe,"
Diplomatic History
8 (Summer 1984), 227–41; Francis J. Gavin, "The Gold Battle Within the Cold War: American Monetary Policy and the Defense of Europe,"
Diplomatic History
26 (Winter 2002), 70–78.

61
. Costigliola, "Failed Design," 243–51; Gavin, "Gold Battle," 70–78.

62
. Freedman,
Kennedy's Wars,
250–55; Gordon H. Chang,
Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972
(Stanford, Calif., 1990), 242–47.

63
. Quoted in George C. Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975
(3rd ed., New York, 1996), 75.

64
. December 5, 1960, Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960,
vol. 1 (Washington, 1986), 707–11.

65
. Benjamin Bradlee,
Conversations with Kennedy
(New York, 1976), 59.

66
. Herring,
America's Longest War,
103–4.

67
. Dallek,
Unfinished Life,
684.

68
. Ibid., 623.

69
. Bass,
Any Friend,
240.

70
. Rabe,
Most Dangerous Area,
1–2; Bass,
Any Friend,
240–45; Frank Costigliola, "Like Children in the Darkness: European Reaction to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy,
Journal of Popular Culture
20 (Winter 1986), 120–21.

71
. Dallek,
Unfinished Life,
709–11. For a persuasive rebuttal, see Ronald Steel, "Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam?"
New York Times,
May 25, 2003.

72
. Freedman,
Kennedy's Wars,
400–413; Fredrik Logevall,
Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and Escalation of the War in Vietnam
(Berkeley, Calif., 1999), 396–400.

73
. Kennedy's November 22, 1963, address may be found at
www.jf klibrary.org
/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference?Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03TradeMart 11221963htm.

74
. Thomas Alan Schwartz,
Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 237. The most up-to-date biographies are Robert Dallek,
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973
(New York, 1998) and the more insightful Randall B. Woods,
LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
(New York, 2006).

75
. Walter Russell Mead,
Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World
(New York, 2001), 218–63.

76
. Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
86.

77
. Schwartz,
Johnson,
154.

78
. H. W. Brands,
The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power
(New York, 1995), 25.

79
. George C. Herring,
LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War
(Austin, Tex., 1994), 7.

80
. Ibid., 6–9.

81
. John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 259–61; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,
Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 272–74.

82
. Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, "Threats, Opportunities, and Frustrations in East Asia," in Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, eds.,
Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World
(New York, 1994), 105–10; Arthur Waldron, "From Nonexistent to Almost Normal: U.S.-Chinese Relations in the 1960s," in Diane Kunz, ed.,
The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s
(New York, 1994), 233–41.

83
. Frank Costigliola, "Lyndon B. Johnson, Germany, and 'the End of the Cold War,' " in Cohen and Tucker,
Johnson
, 192–97. The quote is from p. 197.

84
. Dallek,
Flawed Giant,
84–90; Waldo Heinrichs, "Lyndon B. Johnson: Change and Continuity," in Cohen and Tucker,
Johnson,
26–27; Brands,
Wages of Globalism,
26–29.

85
. William O. Walker, "The Struggle for the Americas: The Johnson Administration and Cuba," paper in possession of author.

86
. Rabe,
Most Dangerous Area,
175–83; Walker, "Cuba," 60–61.

87
. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968
, vol. 31 (Washington, 2004), 28–29.

88
. Ibid., 418.