Fromms: How Julis Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis (30 page)

Read Fromms: How Julis Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis Online

Authors: Götz Aly,Michael Sontheimer,Shelley Frisch

Tags: #History, #Holocaust, #Jewish, #Europe, #Germany

BOOK: Fromms: How Julis Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis
13.51Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

65
. Evidence and adjudication of the District Court of Berlin in the matter of restitution Max Fromm et al., dated January 11, 1966 (Judges: Schlecht, Schmilinsky, Schmeisser), LAB B Rep. 025-06, 61 WAG 8778/59, pp. 21f., 37, 112-121 (also 61 WAG 8780/59).

66
. German Credit Bureau, regarding Fromms Act and Julius Fromm, factory owner, February 8, 1933, BA R 8136/2994.

67
. OFP Berlin-Brandenburg (Thulcke) to RFM, dated February 13, 1943; RFM (Maedel) to OFP Berlin-Brandenburg, dated April 1, 1943, LAB A Rep. 093-03/54570.

68
. Friedenberger et al., p. 88f.; Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries
, for the wording of the stricter regulation of February 16, 1943, BA R 1501/1838.

69
. Land registry entry for Rolandstrasse 4, Division One, district court of Berlin-Schöneberg, Lichterfelde branch office.

70
. Finance senator to the restitution division of the Berlin regional court, dated February 12, 1954, LAB Rep. 025-08, 8 WGA 7/50. For a general and instructive overview of the personal
profit of Nazi officials and on the “endowments” for loyal Nazi officers, see Bajohr.

71
. Klemperer, vol. 2.

72
. For an overview of this issue, see Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries
, for a detailed analysis of one individual case, see Aly,
Into the Tunnel
.

73
. Sworn statement by Max Fromm, 1963. Compensation claim filed by Herbert Fromm on December 31, 1957, LAB B Rep. 025-0661, WAG 8778/59.

74
. Aly,
Hitler’s Beneficiaries
. (The official number of freight cars—528—was actually 10 percent higher; these additional freight cars were brought to central storage areas for cities at particularly high risk.)

75
. Final notification concerning the compensation claims filed by the Fromm community of heirs on October 9, 1962, finance senator (Berlin) to the regional compensation bureau in Berlin on February 24, 1955; Loebinger to Fromm on February 24, 1939, LEA Reg. no. 53154; OFP Berlin-Brandenburg, Asset Valuation Office, Fromm, Ruth, BLHA Rep. 36 A II/10612.

76
. Compensation proceedings for Ruth Fromm, BLA B Rep. 025-06, 62 WAG 799/57.

77
. RA Hans Noltenius to the 44th Restitution Division of the District Court of Berlin, dated April 6, 1951, LAB B Rep. 025-06, 6 WGA 765/50.

78
. Death certificate for Berthold Fromm, BLHA Rep. 35 H KZ Sachsenhausen/319.

79
. Naujoks, pp. 303ff.; Scheffler, pp. 105ff.

80
. OFP files for Jenny Steinfeld et al., BLHA Rep. 36 A II/36982 and 24897.

81
. Expropriation file of Jenny Steinfeld, BLHA Rep. 36 A II/36982.

82
. Sworn testimony of Leo Lippmann, January 13, 1956, LAB B Rep. 025-06, 6 WGA 1944/51, vol. 1, p. 88m; expropriation file of Willy and Esther [Else] Brandenburg, BLHA Rep. 36 A II/4673.

83
.
Sworn statement by Elsbeth Fromm (née Kuntze), on January 12, 1960, BLA B Rep. 025-06, 62 WAG 799/57, communication from Ruth Fromm, who spoke to this concierge in 1945.

84
. Czech.

85
. Gestapo Berlin to OFP Berlin-Brandenburg on April 21, 1943, BLHA Rep. 36 A II/24897.

86
. Max Fromm to Wolfheim, dated June 26, 1950. Henri Fromm (Paris) has kept a copy of this letter, on which the preceding account is based.

87
. Résumé of Siegfried Fromm, dated November 5, 1945, LAB C Rep. 118-01, no. 38685; Sunniva Graefe, sworn statement dated January 9, 1956, OAB B Rep. 025-26, 6 WGA 1944/51, vol. 1, p. 88k; letter from Alfred Fromm to his mother, written in Balz on May 11, 1943, property of Ilse Fromm (Munich).

88
. Nagel,
Geschichte MAPA’s
, published in serial form in
Gummilinse
, August, October, and December 1991.

89
. License agreement, Metz-Randa’s appeal, the subsequent written statements by attorneys Walter Fuhrmann (Berlin) and Hans Noltenius (Bremen), and the final settlement on June 27, 1951, LAB B Rep. 025-06, 6 WGA 765/50.

90
. Advertising brochure for the Hanseatic Rubber Company (1948).

91
. Details about the nature of these attacks can be found at
www.angelfire.com/super/ussbs/ussbsappc.html
; for information about the repercussions for Fromms Act, see LAB A Rep. 005-07/274.

92
. Unless otherwise indicated, the following details are based on files at the Berlin municipal authority, finance dept., LAB C Rep. 105/1822/43204/43205.

93
. Order no. 124, issued by the commander-in-chief of the Soviet occupying troops in Germany on October 30, 1945.

94
. Report by Fritz Schmitt, chief engineer, Berlin, written on January 24, 1934 at the request of the Prussian chief administrative officer in Potsdam, BLHA, Rep. 2A I St, naturalization of Fromm, Israel Julius.

95
.
Will drawn up by Julius Fromm on December 12, 1944, in London, estate of Edgar Fromm, in the possession of Raymond Fromm (London); Julius Fromm to Max and Paulette Fromm on February 6, 1945, estate of Max Fromm, in the possession of Henri Fromm (Paris).

B
IBLIOGRAPHY

Akademie der Künste (1970–1979)
. Vol. 4:
Nachrufe
. Berlin: Akademie der Künste, 1980.

Aly, Götz.
Into the Tunnel: The Brief Life of Marion Samuel, 1931–1943
. Trans. Ann Millin. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008.

——.
Hitler’s Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
. Trans. Jefferson Chase. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007.

Bajohr, Frank.
Parvenüs und Profiteure: Korruption in der NS-Zeit
. Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 2001.

Barkai, Avraham.
From Boycott to Annihilation: The Economic Struggle of German Jews, 1933–1948
. Trans. William Templer. Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England, 1989.

Bartrop, Paul R., and Gabrielle Eisen, eds.
The Dunera Affair: A Documentary Resource Book
. Melbourne: Schwartz & Wilkinson: Jewish Museum of Australia, 1990.

Bauer, Marianne Ursula, and Lutz Kohlschmidt.
Die Frommser-Saga: Alles über Kondome von A bis Z
. Leipzig: Neuer Sachsenverlag, 1991.

Benton, Charlotte.
A Different World: Émigré Architects in Britain 1928–1958
. London: RIBA Heinz Gallery, 1995.

Bertschi, Hannes.
Die Kondom-Story
. Cologne: VGS Verlagsanstalt, 1994.

Birett, Herbert, ed.
Verbotene Druckschriften in Deutschland: Eine Dokumentation
. Vol. 2: Schmutz und Schund [rpt. of the catalogue by the German Central Police Bureau to Stem the Circulation of Lewd Pictures, Literature, and Advertisements compiled at the Prussian police headquarters in Berlin, 1926, with supplements in 1926 and 1936]. Vaduz: Topos Ruggell, 1995.

Czech, Danuta.
Auschwitz Chronicle 1939–1945
. New York: Owl Books, 1997.

Dietrich, Ulf. “Architekten Arthur Korn und Dipl.-Ing. Weitzmann, Berlin. Gummifabrik in Köpenick.” In
Bauwelt
1931, no. 15.

Dokumentation zur Geschichte des Kondoms. Erstellt aus Anlass des 75–jährigen Jubiläums der Marke Fromms 1914 bis 1994
. Zeven: n.p., 1995.

Eschelbacher, Klara.
Die ostjüdische Einwanderungsbevölkerung der Stadt Berlin
. Diss. Berlin, 1920.

——. “Die Wohnungsfrage.” In
Neue Jüdische Monatshefte
, 1920, no. 11.

Fraenkel, Ludwig.
Die Empfängnisverhütung: Biologische Grundlagen, Technik und Indikationen; Für Ärzte bearbeitet
. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1932.

Friedenberger, Martin, Klaus-Dieter Gössel, Eberhard Schönknecht, eds.
Die Reichsfinanzverwaltung im Nationalsozialismus: Darstellung und Dokumente
. Bremen: Edition Temmen, 2002.

Friedländer, Saul.
Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969.

Fromms Act. Gummiwerke Berlin-Cöpenick—Berlin-Friedrichshagen
in
Archiv für Industrie und Handel
, vol. 2. Berlin, 1930 [found as an off-print at the Leipzig German Library; call number: 1931 C 25].

Gamsjäger, Bernhard. “Vom Kruckenkreuz zum Hakenkreuz,” in Gamsjäger,
Puchenstuben
. Puchenstuben: Gemeinde Puchstuben, 2004.

Geisel, Eike.
Im Scheunenviertel—Bilder, Texte und Dokumente
. Berlin: Siedler, 1981.

Göring, Emmy.
An der Seite meines Mannes: Begebenheiten und Bekenntnisse
. Göttingen: Schültz, 1967.

Gritzbach, Erich.
Hermann Goering: The Man and His Work; The Only Authorized Biography
. Trans. Gerald Griffin. New York: AMS Press, 1973.

Grossmann, Atina.
Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform 1920–1950
. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997.

Herzog, Lorenz Peter.
Im Schatten des Ötschers: Roman aus dem Alpenlande
. Vienna: St. Pöltner Verlagsanstalt, 1943.

Hirschfeld, Magnus.
Geschlechtskunde
. Vol. 2:
Folgen und Forderungen
. Stuttgart: Julius Püttmann, 1928.

Hirschfeld, Magnus, and Andreas Gaspar, eds.
Sittengeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts
. Vol. 1:
Sittengeschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs
. Vol. 2:
Zwischen zwei Katastrophen. Sittengeschichte der Nachkriegszeit 1918–1930
. Hanau: Schustek, 1966.

Hirschfeld, Magnus, and Richard Linsert.
Empfängnisverhütung: Mittel und Methoden
. Berlin: Neuer Deutscher Verlag, 1932.

Irving, David.
Göring
. New York: Morrow, 1989.

Kirschey-Feix, Ingrid, ed.
Treffpunkt Scheunenviertel: Leben im Schtetl
. Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1993.

Klemmer, Clemens. “Meister der Moderne. Arthur Korn (1891–1978). Tischler, Architekt, Städteplaner,” in
Werk, Bauen, Wohnen
, 1992, vol. 10, pp. 78ff.

Klemperer, Victor.
I Will Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer
. Trans. Martin Chalmers. Vol. 2: Diaries 1942–1945. New York: Morrow, 1999.

Knopf, Volker, and Stefan Martens.
Görings Reich: Selbstinszenierungen in Carinhall
. Berlin: Links, 1999.

Kolbet, Christiane. “Wie es den Fürther Emil Höchster in die australische Wüste verschlug.” In
Raumzeit
no. 19, December 20, 2002,
http://www.raumzeit-online.de/122002
.

Korn, Arthur. “Analytische und utopische Architektur,” in
Kunstblatt
1923 rpt. as “Analytical and Utopian Architecture,” in
Ulrich Conrads, ed.
Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture
. Trans. Michael Bullock. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970, p. 71f.

——.
Glass in Modern Architecture
. London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1967.

——. “The Work of James Stirling and James Gowan,” in
The Architect and Building News
, January 7, 1959.

Korn, Arthur, and Brian Housden. “Arthur Korn, 1891 to Present Day,” in
Architecture Association Journal
, December 1957.

Lafitte, François.
The Internment of Aliens
. London: Libris, 1988.

Lange, Eitel.
Der Reichsmarschall im Kriege: Ein Bericht in Wort und Bild
. Stuttgart: C. E. Schwab, 1950.

Laqueur, Walter.
Weimar: A Cultural History, 1918–1933
. New York: Putnam, 1974.

Lindner, Stephan.
Das Reichskommissariat für die Behandlung feindlichen Vermögens im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Eine Studie zur Verwaltungs-, Rechtsund Wirtschaftsgeschichte des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands
. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1991.

London, Louise.
Whitehall and the Jews 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees, and the Holocaust
. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000.

MAPA, Inc., ed.
75 Jahre Fromms: Ein Kondom macht Geschichte
. Zeven, n.p., 1994.

Marcuse, Max, ed.
Handwörterbuch der Sexualwissenschaft: Enzyklopädie der natur-und kulturwissenschaftlichen Sexualkunde des Menschen
. Bonn: A. Marcus & E. Weber, 1923.

Maser, Werner.
Hermann Göring: Hitlers janusköpfiger Paladin; Die politische Biographie
. Berlin: Edition q, 2000.

Meinen, Insa.
Wehrmacht und Prostitution während des Zweiten Weltkriegs im besetzten Frankreich
. Bremen: Edition Temmen, 2002.

Meinl, Susanne, and Jutta Zwilling.
Legalisierter Raub: Die Ausplünderung der Juden durch die Reichsfinanzverwaltung in Hessen
. Frankfurt: Campus, 2004.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig. “Arbeitsthesen,” in
G
, no. 1, 1922; rpt. in Ulrich Conrads, ed.,
Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture
. Trans. Michael Bullock. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970.
Moderne Ladenbauten. Innen-und Aussenarchitektur, mit 180 Abb
. Berlin-Charlottenburg: E. Pollack, 1928.

Nagel, Jochen. “Geschichte MAPA’s,” in
Gummilinse
, no. 1–3, 1991, and 1–5, 1992.

Naujoks, Harry.
Mein Leben im KZ Sachsenhausen 1936–1942: Erinnerungen des ehemaligen Lagerältesten
. Cologne: Röderberg, 1987.

Overy, Richard J.
Goering: The “Iron Man.”
London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.

Parisot, Jeannette.
Johnny Come Lately: A Short History of the Condom
. Trans. Bill McCann. London: Journeyman, 1987.

Paul, Wolfgang.
Wer war Hermann Göring
?
Biographie
. Esslingen: Bechtle, 1983.

——.
Hermann Göring: Hitler’s Paladin or Puppet
. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1998.

Richmond, Theo.
Konin: A Quest
. New York: Pantheon, 1995.

Rosenberg, Stephen. “The Ring and Arthur Korn,” in
AA Journal
, February 1958, p. 170f.

Schade, Anja. “Licht aus in der Mulackritze,” in Elisabeth von Dücker, ed.,
Sexarbeit. Prostitution—Lebenswelten und Mythen
. Bremen: Edition Temmen, 2005.

Schäfer, Jürgen.
Kurt Gerstein. Zeuge des Holocaust
. Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1999.

Scheffler, Wolfgang. “Der Brandanschlag im Berliner Lustgarten und seine Folgen: Eine quellenkritische Betrachtung,” in
Jahrbuch des Landesarchivs Berlin
, 1994.

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang.
The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning, and Recovery
. Trans. Jefferson Chase. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003.

Der Schundkampf
.
Blatt der Reichsschundkampfstelle der ev. Jungmännerbünde Deutschlands, 1925–1933
.

Seidler, Franz.
Prostitution, Homosexualität, Selbstverstümmelung: Probleme der deutschen Sanitätsführung 1939–1945
. Neckargemünd: Vowinckel, 1977.

Sharp, Dennis, ed.
Planning and Architecture: Essays Presented to Arthur Korn by the Architectural Association
. London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1967.
Sommer, Theo.
1945—Die Biographie eines Jahres
. Reinbeck: Rowohlt, 2005.

Sommerfeld, Adolf.
Das Ghetto von Berlin: Aus dem Scheunenviertel
. Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1992.

Sontheimer, Michael.
Bilder des Zweiten Weltkriegs
. Munich and Hamburg: DVA, 2005.

——. “Die Fromms-Saga,” in
Spiegel Spezial
, May 1, 1995.

Soukup, Uwe.
Ich bin nun mal ein Deutscher: Sebastian Haffner; Eine Biographie
. Berlin: Aufbau, 2001.

Steinmann, Martin, ed.
C.I.A.M. Dokumente 1928–1939
. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1997.

“Vom Werdegang des Präservativs,” in
Der Drogenhändler
, 1931, no. 57, p. 1627f.

Warhaftig, Myra.
Deutsche jüdische Architekten vor und nach 1933: Das Lexikon; 500 Biographien
. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 2005.

Weeks, Jeffrey.
Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800
. New York: Longman, 1981.

Weitzmann, Siegfried.
Studie über Kafka
. Foreword by Robert Weltsch. Tel Aviv: Edition Olamenu, 1970.

Wilczynski, Klaus.
Das Gefangenenschiff: Mit der “Dunera” über vier Weltmeere
. Berlin: Verlag am Park, 2001.

Wolf, Julius.
Der Geburtenrückgang. Die Rationalisierung des Geschlechtslebens in unserer Zeit
. Jena: Fischer, 1912.

Woycke, James.
Birth Control in Germany, 1871–1933
. London and New York: Routledge, 1988.

Zadek, Alice and Gerhard.
Mit dem letzten Zug nach England: Opposition, Exil, Heimkehr
. Berlin: Dietz, 1992.

Zborowski, Mark and Elisabeth Herzog.
Life Is With People: The Culture of the Shtetl
. New York: Schocken, 1995.

Other books

Love Song Series Box Set by Emily Minton, Dawn Martens
BELLA MAFIA by Lynda La Plante
Swish by Joel Derfner
The End of Days by Jenny Erpenbeck
The North: A Zombie Novel by Cummings, Sean