Frozen Earth: The Once and Future Story of Ice Ages (40 page)

Darwin, Charles: and evidence for ice ages,
15–16
; theory of evolution,
38
,
42
,
190
,
192

dating: of glacial deposits,
84
,
86
,
133
,
144
; of ice,
175
,
179–81
; of ocean sediments,
175
; radioactive,
55
; of volcanic ash,
191
.
See also
Carbon-14, dating
Desmarest, Nicolas,
22–23

diamonds,
2

drift, glacial,
46
,
48–49
,
52
,
55
,
141
,
151
; in India,
141

dropstones,
59
,
161

Dryas,
198

Durant, Will,
1

Early Proterozoic Ice Age,
143
,
160–61
eccentricity.
See
orbit, of Earth around sun
Ediacarans,
210

Edwards, Jonathan,
68

El Niño events,
186
,
218

Eldredge, Niles,
192

environmental determinism,
1

equinox,
80
; precession of,
78

erosion: by glaciers,
13
,
61
,
127
; by glacial floods,
105–6
,
108
(
see also
Channeled Scablands)
erratic boulders,
4–5
,
32
,
34
,
37
,
46–49
,
47
;
of Columbia River gorge,
91
,
93

Études sur les glaciers (Agassiz).
See Studies on Glaciers
Eukaryotes,
209–10

evolution, human,
187–91
,
193–97
,
199–206

extinction, rate of,
209

Fairbanks, Richard,
63

fjords,
61

Flint, Richard Foster,
102

floods: biblical,
3
,
19–20
,
48
; catastrophic glacial,
89–114
; Lake Bonneville,
105–7
; on Mars,
111–14
; Siberian,
108

fossil fuel,
240

Freedom of Will (Edwards),
68

French revolution,
223

Geikie, Archibald,
74
,
85

genetic diversity, within species,
207–8

Geological Society of London,
16–17

Geological Society of Washington, D.C.,
96

geology: heroic period of,
16–17
; and religion,
18–21

Gilbert, G.
K.,
105–7

glacial periods,
9
,
82
,
240
; beginning of,
232
; end of,
174
; next,
233
,
242–43

glaciers: cores in,
12
; definition,
10
; flow of,
39
,
49–51
,
50
,
146–47
; layering in,
176
; materials preserved in,
11–12
; mountain,
2
,
4
,
10
; in the tropics,
7
,
142
,
151–53
,
155

Glasgow,
72–73

global warming,
155
,
213
,
233
,
243

Glomar Challenger,
170

Gondwanaland,
145–50
,
238

Gould, Stephen Jay,
192

gradualism,
94

Grand Coulee,
98
,
102
,
105

grasshopper, European populations of,
207–8

grasslands, expansion of,
181
,
194

great apes,
188

greenhouse effect,
157
,
159
,
238–40
,
243

greenhouse gases,
155
,
161
,
165
,
174
,
231
,
233
,
240
.
See also
carbon dioxide; methane; water vapor
Greenland ice sheet,
1–3
,
16
,
129
,
149
,
177
,
230
,
243

Grissino-Mayer, Henri,
226–7

Gulf Stream,
83
,
109–10
,
228–29

Halifax (Canada),
41

Hays, James,
138–39

Himalayas,
238–40

Hoffman, Paul,
154–55

hominids,
188–91
; fossil record of,
193
,
196

Homo erectus,
202–3
,
206

Homo rudolfensis,
201

Homo sapiens,
190
,
193
,
199
,
203–4
,
206

Hudson Bay,
109–10

Hudson River,
62

Humboldt, Alexander von,
29–31

Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
122

Hutton, James,
23

ice age climate,
203
; of Africa,
189
,
194–95
,
201
; deduced from Vostok ice core,
181
; and human civilization,
213–31
; inferred from plankton,
168
.
See also
climate; Pleistocene Ice Age
ice age theory, debate over,
3–5
,
15
,
24
,
35–37
,
39
,
45–46
,
58
,
84

ice ages: ancient,
142–43
; astronomical theory of,
69
,
84
,
87
,
120
,
131
,
133
,
233
; causes of,
65–66
,
232–3
; current,
8
,
141
,
147
; cycles of,
9
,
46
,
65–66
,
84
,
115–40
,
163
,
169–70
,
233
(
see also
glacial periods; interglacial periods; Pleistocene Ice Age); definition of,
6
,
9
; Earth’s major,
143
;
role of feedback in,
129
,
159
.
See also
Archean Ice Age; Early Proterozoic Ice Age; Late Proterozoic Ice Age; Permo-Carboniferous Ice Age; Pleistocene Ice Age; Snowball Earth
ice cores,
12
,
175–86
,
197–99
,
233
; Antarctic,
164
,
177–83
; bubbles in,
12
(
see also
air bubbles); dust in,
179–81
,
199
; Greenland,
164
,
175
,
177
,
181
,
199
,
205
,
215–16
,
228–30
; layers in,
12
,
179
,
181
; from mountain glaciers,
164
,
183–86
; from Mt.
Kilimanjaro,
185–86
; in tropical glaciers,
184–86
; volcanic ash in,
12
,
178
,
181
.
See also
Vostok ice core
ice field, definition,
10

ice sheets, volume of continental,
174–75

Iceman, the alpine,
11

Imbrie, John,
138–39

insolation,
75
,
122
,
126
,
129
,
139

interglacial periods,
9
,
54–55
,
82
,
242
;
current,
7–8
,
212
,
242
; last,
240

International Geophysical Year,
176

JOIDES Resolution,
170

Jura Mountains,
46
,
48

juvenilization,
196

Kilimanjaro, Mount, glaciers on,
7–8
,
183
,
186

Kirschvink, Joe,
153–55

Köppen, Wladimir,
123–29
;
Climates of the Geological Past
(with Wegener),
128

Kullenberg, Börje,
168

Kwaday Dan Sinchi (“Long Ago Man Found”),
11

L’Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland),
216

lakes, glacial,
56

land bridge,
64
,
204

landforms, glacial,
4
,
22
,
32–34
,
39–40
; drumlins,
53
; eskers,
52
; glacial polish,
56
; grooves and scratches
13
,
34
,
42
,
56–58
,
141
,
143
,
148
,
151
,
161–63
,
162
;
linear ridges,
14
.
See also
drift, glacial; erratic boulders; moraines
Laplace, Pierre-Simon,
77

Late Paleozoic Ice Age.
See
Permo-Carboniferous Ice Age
Late Proterozoic Ice Age,
150–60
,
210
; multiple episodes of,
158
.
See also
Snowball Earth
latitude, equivalent,
125
,
126

Libby, Willard,
132–33

limestone,
155
; and CO
₂
,
237–38

Lisbon earthquake,
47

Little Ice Age,
38
,
215–27
,
230

loess,
45
,
60–61
,
181
; of the Channeled Scablands,
92–93
,
95–97

Long Ago Man Found,
11

Lyell, Charles,
75

Mackenzie River,
109

magnetic field (Earth): nature of,
147–48
; orientation preserved in rocks,
134–35
,
148
,
151–53
,
161
; reversals of,
134–35
; reversal timescale,
138

magnetic field (Sun),
220

mammoths,
64
; Siberian,
36–37

maps, of glacial features,
46
,
52
,
84

Mars Global Surveyor,
112

Mars: chaotic terrain,
113–14
; current conditions on,
111
; evidence for catastrophic floods,
111–14
; temperatures
on,
123

A Mathematical Theory of the Thermal Phenomena Produced by Solar Radiation (Milankovitch),
122

Mayan civilization,
214

Mayr, Ernst,
191–92

Medieval Warm Period,
215–16
,
219
,
221
,
223
,
227

methane: as a greenhouse gas,
159–60
,
241–42
,
233–34
; hydrate,
241–42
,
244

Milankovitch, Milutin,
87–88
,
131
,
133
,
139
,
186
,
195
,
219
;
A Mathematical Theory of the Thermal Phenomena Produced by Solar Radiation,
122
;
Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem,
130
; doctoral thesis of,
117–18
; education,
115–18
; engineering work,
118
; military service,
116–17
; prisoner of war,
121–22
; at University of Belgrade,
118–20

Mississippi River,
109–10

Missoula, glacial Lake,
99–105
,
101

monsoon, Indian,
239–40

moraine,
33–34
,
39
,
49
,
50
,
52
; lateral,
49
,
50
,
51
;
medial,
49–50
,
50
;
soil development on,
51
,
54
; terminal,
2
,
49
,
51